The Downy Woodpeckers 
white centrally, contrasting with solid black of shoulders, not barred , as distinguished 
from the equal-sized Nuttall and Cactus Woodpeckers; a miniature of D. villosus subsp. 
Nesting. —Much as in next form. 
Range of Dryobates pubescens. —Temperate North America. 
Range of D. p. leucurus. —Western United States and central British Columbia 
from the eastern members and outliers of the Sierro-Cascade system east to eastern 
Montana and western Nebraska, south to Arizona and New Mexico; breeding through¬ 
out its range and wandering somewhat more widely in winter. 
Distribution in California. —Summer resident in the Transition zone of the 
Warner Mountains, and in the pinyon belt of the Panamint and Grapevine Mountains, 
Inyo County. Casual at lower levels in winter, chiefly east of the desert divide. 
Authorities.—Fisher, Condor, vol. iv., 1902, p. 69 (crit., diagnosis, nomencl.); 
Grinnell, Condor, vol. xxv., 1923, p. 30 (status in Calif.; nomencl.). 
No. 19lb Willow Woodpecker 
A. O. U. No. 394e. Dryobates pubescens turati (Malherbe). 
Description. —Similar to D. p. leucurus, but somewhat smaller, and shade of 
underparts much darker, buffy brown or grayish drab. Length 146-158.75 (5.75- 
6.25); wing 92.5 (3.64); tail 55 (2.165) 1 bill 16 (.63); tarsus 16.1 (.63). 
Remarks. —While the lines of confluence between leucurus and turati are still 
imperfectly made out, Ridgway’s suggestion that turati occupies Upper Austral and 
Transition zones, save in the extreme Northwest and Southeast is probably the correct 
one. Hence, although turati is the analogue of hyloscopus of the villosus group, it is 
much more nearly related to gaird?ieri than hyloscopus is to harrisi. It may be assumed, 
therefore, that turati is intrusive from the Northwest, rather than locally derived, and 
this assumption is supported by occasional specimens from the southern Transition, 
which are nearly or quite as dark as those labelled gairdneri from Humboldt County. 
Nesting. — Nest: A hole excavated by the birds in tree, usually deciduous, as 
willow, cottonwood, alder, and the like; at moderate heights. Eggs: 4 or 5, 7 of record; 
white. Av. size 19.1 x 15.2 (.75 x .60). Season: April-May; one brood. 
Range of D. p. turati (Wholly contained within California).—Resident in 
Upper Sonoran and Transition zones of California, except in extreme northwestern 
and northeastern sections and in the desert mountains. Largely confined to deciduous 
timber along the banks of streams. 
Authorities.—Nuttall (Picus meridionalis) , Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., 2d ed., 
vol. i., 1840, p. 690 (Calif.); Malherbe, Monographic des Picidees, i., 1861, p. 125 
planche 28 (orig. desc.; Monterey); Bendire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, vol. ii., 1895, 
p. 58, part); Fisher, Condor, vol. iv., 1902, p. 68 (diag., crit., meas.); McAtee, U. S. Dept. 
Agric., Biol. Surv. Bull., no. 37, 1912, p. 17, part (food). 
No. 191c Gairdner’s Woodpecker 
A. O. U. No. 394a. Dryobates pubescens gairdneri (Audubon). 
Description. —Like D. p. turati, but underparts averaging darker, and white 
of head and back often tinged with brownish; also a little larger. Length 152.4-165.1 
(6.00-6.50); wing 95 (3.74); tail 58 (2.28); bill 16.4 (.645); tarsus 16.6 (.65). Female 
a little smaller. 
