30 



which he gave the results of his investigations on the inner 

 structure of fossil plants. Von Guthier in 1835, and Germar 

 in 1844-53, described and figured the plants of two important 

 localities in Germany. Corda's " JBeitrage zur Flora der 

 Vorwelt," issued at Prague, in 1845, was essentially, a continu- 

 ation of the work of Sternberg. TJnger's " Ghloris jjrotogwa," 

 1841-45, "Genera et species plantarum fossilium" 1850, and 

 his larger work published in 1852, are all standard authorities. 

 In the latter, the theory of descent is applied to the vegetable 

 world. Schimper and Mougeot's "Monograph on the fossil 

 plants of the Vosges," 1S45, was well illustrated, and contained 

 noteworthy results. 



Goppert, in 1836, published a valuable memoir entitled, 

 " Systema Filicum Fossiliurn" in which he made known the 

 results of his study of fossil ferns. In the same year, this 

 botanist began a series of. experiments, in which he attempted 

 to imitate the process of f ossilization, as found in nature. He 

 steeped various animal and vegetable substances in waters hold- 

 ing, some calcareous, others siliceous, and others metallic matter 

 in solution. After a slow saturation, the substances were dried, 

 and exposed to heat until the organic matters were burned. 

 In this way Goppert successfully imitated various processes of 

 petrifaction, and explained many things in regard to fossils 

 that had previously been in question. Plis discovery of the 

 remains of plants throughout the interior of coal did much to 

 clear up the doubts about the formation of that substance. In 

 1841, Goppert published an important work in which he com- 

 pared the genera of fossil plants with those now living. In 

 1852, another extensive work by this author appeared, entitled, 

 "Fossile Flora des JJebergangs-GehirgesP 



Andr93, Braun, Dunker, Ettinsghausen, Geinitz, and Golden- 

 berg, all made notable contributions to fossil Botany in 

 Germany, during the period we are now considering. 



The systematic study of invertebrate fossils, so admirably 

 begun by Lamarck, was continued actively in France. The 



