Key to the Californian Orders 



I. Feet with webs or lobes. 



A. Feet with webs. 



I. Webs extending to the base of the toe-nails. 



a. Legs set back near tail; tail shortened. 

 (i). Toes, 4. 

 (2). Toes, 3 



b. Legs normally placed; tail normal. 

 (1). Totipalmate, all 4 toes connected by web. 

 (2). Hind toes when present not connected to others by web. 



(a). Nostrils opening through tubes, 

 (b). Nostrils not opening through tubes. 



(a 1 ). Bill with tooth-like projections along its sides. 



(b 1 ). Bill without tooth-like projections 



B. Feet with lobes on sides of toes. 



1. Legs set far back; tail rudimentary 



2. Legs normally placed; tail well developed. 



a. Forehead with a bare shield. 



b. Forehead normal. 



II. Feet with neither webs nor lobes. 



A. Legs and neck lengthened. 



1. Lores bare. 



2. Lores not bare. 



a. Toes, 4. 



b. Toes, 3. 



B. Legs and neck not decidedly lengthened. 



1. Feet relatively large; toes long and slender. 



2. Feet and toes moderate. 



a. Lower part of tibia bare. 



b. Lower part of tibia feathered. 

 (i). Hind toe short, elevated above front ones. 

 (2). Hind toe, when present, on same level as front ones. 



(a). Nostrils opening beneath a soft fleshy membrane, 

 (b). Bill without soft fleshy membrane. 

 (a 1 ). Bill with basal cere. 



(a 2 ). Eyes directed forward, surrounded by radial disc of 



specially modified feathers. 

 (b 2 ). Eyes normally placed on face. 

 (b 1 ). Bill without basal cere. 



(a 2 ). 2 toes in front and 2 behind, or 2 in front and 1 

 behind. 

 (a 3 ). The outer toe (4th) .merely reversible. 

 (b s ). Outer toe permanently reversed. 

 (b 2 ). 3 toes in front, 1 behind. 



(a 3 ). Middle and outer (4th) toes joined for half their 



length. 

 (b 3 ) Middle and outer toes not joined or else on middle 

 of basal phalanx only. 

 (a 4 ). Bill and feet weak. 



(a 5 ). Hind toe versatile, coloration simple, plu- 

 mage compact. 

 (b 5 ). Hind toe fixed; pattern of coloration intri- 

 cate, plumage soft. 

 (b 4 ). Bill elongated and very slender. 

 (c 4 ). Characters various but not combined as above. 



21. 

 12. 



GAVI,F. 

 ALCIFORMES. 



19. 



STEGANOPODES. 



20. 



PROCELLARIIFORMES. 



17. 

 11. 



ANSERES. 

 LARIFORMES. 



22. 



PODICIPEDES. 



14. 

 10. 



RALLIFORMES (Part). 

 CHARADRIIFORMES (Part). 



18. 



HERODIONES. 



13. 

 10. 



GRUES. 

 CHARADRIIFORMES (Part). 



14. 



RALLIFORMES (Part). 



10. 



CHARADRIIFORMES (Part) 



15. 



GALLIFORMES. 



9. 



COLUMBIFORMES. 



7. 

 16. 



STRIGES. 

 FALCONIFORMES. 



4. 



8. 



PICIFORMES. 

 COCCYGES. 



5. CORACIIFORMES. 



3. CYPSELIFORMES. 



6. CAPRIMULGIFORMES. 



2. TROCHILIFORMES. 



1. PASSERIFORMES. 



2o6g 



