c. 



. Tail-feathers sharply tapering, the outermost pair acicular, 



the 4th unmodified. 

 . Tail-feathers broader, the 4th pair sharply nicked near tip 

 on inner web. 

 Length up to 3.80; tail broad, the three central pairs of rec- 

 trices of about equal length (male); female best known from 

 absence of characters described in A and B. 

 II. Plumage without rufous. 



A. Largest; breadth of outermost pair of rectrices well sustained 



to tip. 



1. Length up to 4 inches; lateral rectrix more than 5 mm wide. 



2. Length about 3.40; lateral rectrix 4 mm or less. 



B. Length about 3.75; lateral rectrices abruptly tapering to tip. 



182. Allen's Hummer. 



183. Rufous Hummer. 



181. Broad-tailed Hummer. 



184. Anna Hummer. 



185. Costa's Hummer. 



186. Black-chinned Hummer. 



Order 3. CYPSELIFORMES. 

 Family Cypselid^e. Swifts, Swiftlets. 



1. Plumage chiefly blackish, tarsi naked. 



A. Largest, length 7 inches or more. 



B. Smaller, length 5 inches. 



2. Throat and breast white. 



188. Northern Black Swift. 



189. Vaux's Swift 



197. White-throated Swift. 



Order 4. PICIFORMES. 

 Family Picidje. Woodpeckers, Wrynecks, Piculets. 



A rather homogeneous group of tree-haunting birds with special adaptation for climbing, boring, or the appre- 

 hension of ants. The Picina, or Woodpeckers proper, which alone are found in the L'nited States, have stout, usually 

 straight, chisel-shaped beaks; wings with 10 primaries, the outer reduced or "spurious"; rectrices 12 (the outer pan- 

 often spurious; feet "zygodactylous" by reversion of the 4th toe, (the hallux wanting in one group); tongue often 

 remarkably extensible by reason of development of hyoid apparatus. Pygmy to crow size. Eggs 3 or 4 — 10, pure 

 white; young naked. A cosmopolitan group of more than 400 species and subspecies, of which 16 species Californian. 



195. Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker. 



I. With only 3 toes. 



II. With 4 toes. 



A. Length about 17 inches; head crested. 



B. Length over 10 inches, under 14. 



1. Bill straight; plumage black above, red below. 



2. Bill slightly decurved. 



a. Length 12-13 inches; quills golden yellow. 



b. Length up to 14 inches; quills orange-red. 



c. Length io-n inches; quills yellow. 



C. Length over 8, under 10 inches. 



1. Chiefly black above; underparts white interrupted by black 



collar. 



2. Head white, remaining plumage black. 



3. Back black, broadly striped with white; underparts white. 



4. Plumage highly variegated. 



a. Belly not yellow. 



(1). Crown, nape, and throat red. 

 (2). Head and breast buried in red. 



b. Belly yellow. 



(1). Belly broadly yellow, rump pure white; sexes dis- 

 similar. 



(2). Belly narrowly yellow, rump barred with black; 

 sexes similar. 

 D. Length under 8 inches. 



1 . Back black, broadly striped with white. 



2. Back black, cross-barred with white. 



a. Crown (of adult male) crimson. 



b. Occiput only (of adult male) crimson. 



199. 



201. 



Western Pileated Woodpecker. 

 Lewis's Woodpecker. 



203. Yellow-shafted Flicker. 



204. Red-shafted Flicker. 



205. Mearns's Gilded Flicker. 



200. California Woodpecker. 

 194. White-headed Woodpecker. 

 190. Hairy Woodpecker. 



196. Red-naped Sapsucker. 



197. Red-breasted Sapsucker. 



198. Williamson's Sapsucker. 



199. Gila Woodpecker. 



191. Downy Woodpecker. 



192. Cactus Woodpecker. 



193. Nuttall's Woodpecker. 



Order 5. CORACIIFORMES 

 Family Alcedinidje. Kingfishers. 



Roller-like birds having highly developed, usually straight and acute beaks, with corresponding development of 

 foreparts; II primaries; 11-14 secondaries; rectrices usually 10; feet small and weak, unsuitable for progression, 



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