2 LEPIDOPTERA RHOPALOCERA 



The Nymphalidae in the Batesian sense are, indeed, distinguished by trenchant structural 

 differences from all the other Rhopalocera, while the subdivisions of these Nymphalidae are, some more 

 and some less, closely related to one another. It is of little importance, whether the Batesian Nympha- 

 lidae are called a family and the subgroups subfamilies, or the former a superfamily and the divisions 

 families. The main point is this : the classification should emphasise that the whole series of Nymphalid 

 Butterflies forms one unit in contradistinction to other units of Rhopalocera. 



Papilio Heliconius Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10), p. 465 (1758) (partim); idem (ed. 12), p. 755 



(1767) (partim); Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p, 459 (1775) (partim); idem, Ent. Syst. Vol. 3i, p. i5g 



(1793) (partim). 

 Papilio Danaus Festivus Drury, Illustr. Exot. Ins. Vol. 3, Index (1782). 

 Acraea Fabricius, in Illiger, Mag. Ins. Vol. 6, p. 2S4 (1807) (partim); Latreille, Enc. Meth. Vol. 9. 



p. 10 (1819). 

 Heliconides Boisduval, Spec. gen. Lep. Vol. 1, p. i65 (i836) (partim). 

 Heliconiidae Westwood, Intr Modern Classif. Ins. Vol. 2, p. 35 1 (1840) (partim). 

 Acraeidae Doubleda}', Gen. diurn. Lep. Vol. 1, p. 1 37 (1848). 

 Acraeinae Bates, Journ. Ent. Vol. 1, p. 220 (1861). 

 Acraeidae Bates, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. Vol. 23, p. 495 (1862); Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Austr. p. 90 



(1862) (partim). 

 Acraeinae Bates, Journ. Ent. Vol. 2, p. 176 (1864). 



Heliconiadae Burmeister, Descr. Rep. Argent., Lep., Vol. 5, p. 5o & no (1878) (partim). 

 Acraeides Baer, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, p. 23 (1878). 

 Acraeinae Moore, Lep. Ceylon, Vol. 1, p. 65 (1881); Godman & Salvin, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Lep. 



Rhop. Vol. 1, p. 140 (1881); Marshall & Niceville, Butt. India, Vol. 1, p. 17 (1882); Smith, Bull. 



Brooklyn Ent. Soc. (i883). 

 Acraeina Ploetz, Syst. Schmett. p. 5 (i885). 



Acraeidae Doherty, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Vol. 55, (2), p. 109 (1886). 

 Acraeinae Trimen, South Afr. Butt. Vol. 1, p. 128 (1887). 

 Acraeiden Schatz, Fam. Gatt. Tagf. p. 101 (18S7). 

 Acraeinae Kirby, in Allen's Natural. Library, Butt. Vol. 1, p. 32 (1894); Reuter, Acta Soc. Fauna 



& Flora Fennica, Vol. 22, (1), p. 422 (1896); Jordan, Novit. Zool. Vol. 5, p. 387 (1898); Auri- 



villius, Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl. Vol. 3i, no. 5, p. 79 (1899); Sharp, Cambridge Nat. Hist.. 



Ins. Vol. 2, p. 35o (1S99); Moore, Lep. Indica, Vol. 5, p. 29 (1901); Bingham, Fauna Brit. 



India, Butt. Vol. 1, p. 468 (igo5). 



We follow Bates in regarding the Acraeinae and the coordinate groups of the Nymphalids 

 {Heliconiinae, Brassolinae , Danainae, etc.) as subfamilies of this large branch of Butterflies, all the subfa- 

 milies having in common a characteristic build of the antennae, thorax, legs and other organs, as well 

 as sharing peculiarities in the early stages not found in other divisions of the Butterflies. 



Description. — Imago : The body is slender, the abdomen being long, tapering basad, and 

 usually projecting beyond the anal angle of the hindwing. The skeleton is tough in living examples, 

 but brittle in dry ones. The palpus (labial) is slender, the second segment being usually curved in 

 S-shape and frequently somewhat inflated, wereas the third segment is always very short. The scaling 

 of the palpus is usually restricted to the sides; a strip along the under side always is rough with erect 

 stiff bristles, most species also bearing such bristles on the outer side and that portion of the upper 

 side which is exposed. The hair-sales of the palpi and most of the hairs of the sterna and legs are 

 distally densely beset with short minute projections on all sides, such a hair, in optical section, 



