FAM. XYMPHALID.E 3 



recaliing a feather. Moreover, many of these hairs are slightly, but distinctly, enlarged just before 

 tapering to a short sharp point, the apical portion of the bristle resembling a lance's head. A slight 

 indication of « feather-hairs » occurs among the lower Nymphalines {Argynnis and allies). The 

 antennm are only scaled on the upper surface, the scales being small, narrow, either dentate or simple, 

 and easily fall off; the last segment is always without scales, and in most of the Old World species the 

 scales are scarce on the segments which form the elongate club. The antennal segments are visibly 

 widened at the apex, the segmentation of the antenna therefore being quite distinct to the naked eye. 

 The non-scaled under side has the three carinas characteristic of all the Nymplialidac. The median carina 

 is either sharp or obtuse, the lateral carinas are always sharp and somewhat curved. The grooves 

 bounded by these carinae are deep proximally and shallow at the apex of the segments, and are reduced 

 to round pits (varying in size according to species or groups of species) on the segments of the club. 



The anterior legs are short, with few bristles; in the of both the fore tibia and tarsus are 

 variable in length individually, the fore tarsus frequentl}' consisting of four distinct segments. This 

 tarsus is often almost without scaling and hairs, and never bears a long apical brush. In the 9 the fore 

 tarsus consists of four segments, which have ventrally at the apex strong spines and brushes of short 

 stiff tactile hairs. The mid and hind tibia? and tarsi have always numerous setiform bristles on the 

 upper and underside and are devoid (or nearly so) of scaling. The tibial spurs are short. The claws 

 have a large, broad and obtuse, basal tooth and are as a rule asymmetrical in the cf, the outer claw 

 being reduced and the distal portion placed almost at right angles to the proximal portion. The pulvillus 

 and paronychium are so small as to be practically absent. The dorsal apical bristles of the fifth tarsal 

 segment are as stiff as spines and only about one-third the length of the inner claw. 



The wings are alwa3 r s entire, there being no dentition at the ends of the veins anywhere. The 

 apex of the forewing is always obtuse, and the distal margin of the hindwing strongly rounded, the 

 anal angle being entirely effaced. The patch of modified scales at the base of the forewing, on the 

 underside, extends to the submedian vein, never to the submedian fold or the cell; the basal costal 

 angle of the hindwing is lobate. The scales in the proximal portions of the wings are always entire in 

 densely scaled species, sometimes the dentition occurring only in the marginal area and at the veins. 

 The fringe of the distal margin consists of deeply cleft scales, some of which have often lost all lobes 

 but one, resembling bristles, but usually bearing a notch somewhere be}'ond the middle as a remnant 

 of the second point of a bifid scale. There is no regular row of bristles in the fringe, as is the case in 

 Heliconiinae. Similar bristles also are found on the veins, all intergradations occurring between a bifid 

 scale and a simple bristle. In some species all the veins bear long stiff bristles on the under side, in 

 others the bristles are confined to the abdominal area of the hindwing. The cell-fold of the hind- 

 wing (aborted proximal portion of the radial nervure) as well as the submedian fold are frequently 

 studded with bristles like the normal veins. There are no scent-tufts or cups or cushions of scent- 

 scales. The neuralion is characterised in the forewing by the lower angle of the cell always being more 

 distal than the upper angle and by the median nervure having no spur near the base, and in the hind- 

 wing the precostal vein being curved distad, the cell always closed by a well developed cross-vein, the 

 upper radial branch originating close to or being stalked with the subcostal, and by the second cross- 

 vein being incurved. Moreover, in the forewing the subcostal branches 2 to 5 are always stalked 

 together. 5 being the most distal one, sometimes subcostal 1 also branches off from the stalk of the 

 others instead of from the cell. 



The membrane on the inner side of the eighth abdominal segment of the c? is very loose and has 

 a dense covering of scales. During copulation these scales become fixed to the 9 > ar >d when the speci- 

 mens separate, the membrane is torn away and remains on the body of the 9 as on outer covering of 

 the seal which closes the vaginal orifice of the 9 • 



