FAM. XYMPHALIDjE 61 



3. Genus PLANEMA Doubleday 



Papilio Heliconius Cramer, Pap. Exot. Vol. 3, p. 64(1779) (partim). 



Papilio Heliconius Fabricius, Spec. Ins. Vol. 2, p. 32 (17S 1) (partim). 



Actinote Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 26 (1816-1817) (partim). 



Acraea Godart, Enc. Meth. Vol. 9, p. 23i (1S19) (partim). 



Acraea Sect. Planema Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. Vol. 1. p. 140 (1848) (partim). 



Acraea Lucas, in Chenu, Encycl. Hist. Nat. Pap. Vol. 1, p. 80 (i85i-i853). 



Acraea Kirby, Cat. diurn. Lep. p. i3o (1871) (partim). 



Acraea Staudinger, Exot. Tagf p. Si (i885) (partim). 



Acraea 3. Planema Schatz. Fam. Gatt. Tagf. p. io3 (1887). 



Planema Trimen, S. Afr. Butt. Vol. 1, p. 170 (1887) (partim). 



Planema Aurivillius. Ent. Tidskr. Vol. 14, p. 279 (iSg3). 



Planema Reuter, Acta Soc. Fauna Fenn. Vol. 22 (1), p. 46 (1896). 



Planema Aurivillius, Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl. Vol. 3i, No. 5 (5), p. 117 (1899). 



Planema Eltringham, Trans Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 4 (1912). 



Planema Jordan, in Wagner. Lep. Cat. Pt. 11, p. 5o (191 3). 



Planema Aurivillius, in Seitz, Grossschmett. Vol. i3, p. 239(1913). 



Genotype. — P. epaea Cramer. 



Description. — Imago : The palpus is black, not swollen, and bears a stripe of dense white 

 scaling on the side. The first subcostal branch of the forewing originates beyond the apex of the cell or 

 more rareh- from the apex. The cell of the hindwing is always small, being much less than half as long 

 as the wing: the upper submedian (ic) not preserved as a vein and not bearing bristles. 



Early Stages. — The spines of the pupa and larva much longer than in Acraea and Actinote, 

 those of the pupa curved at the apex; the head of the pupa has the angles produced. 



Systematics. — The « section » Planema of Doubleday was an unnatural division of Acraea, 

 including heterogeneous species. Schatz mentioned <c eitryta Cramer », and « gea Fabricius » as typical. 

 As Cramer figured two species as eurita (not euryta), and as at the time wen Schatz wrote the Familien 

 and Gattungen der Tagfalter usually several species were united as varieties of one species euryta or eurita, 

 it is hardly possible to find out which particular species Schatz considered to be « euryta Cramer » , the 

 figure of the neuration given by Schatz not being of any great help. The second species mentioned as 

 typical by Schatz is fixed by Schatz's, reference to Staudinger's figure in Exotische Tagfalter. We 

 therefore take this species as the type of the genus. Planema was first properly defined by Aurivillius 

 in i8g3, without fixation of a type. 



The genitalia of the o* are different in every species, the differences being very marked in some 

 species, less so in others. 



Distribution. — The genus is confined to Africa. Most of the species occur in the forest region 

 of West and Central Africa, one extending to the Cape province, and also one only being known from 

 Abyssinia. In the whole of the large open tracts of British and German East Africa, exclusive of the 

 most northern and western districts, but inclusive of the Kilimandjaro and Kenia, four species occur, 

 whereas about twenty are known from the forest region extending from the Cameroons to Northern 

 Angola and eastward to Unyoro. 



1. Planema epaea Cramer, Pap. Exot. Vol. 3, p. 64, t. 23o. f. B. C. (1779) (Papilio Tropical Africa. 

 Heliconius). 



a. Planema epaea insularis Aurivillius. Ann. Mas. Stor. Nat.Genova, Vol. 4. p. 5i8 (1910 [Planema epaea var). 



