FAM. NYMPHALID.E 71 



wing the cell almost symmetrical, subcostal branching oft on a level with M 2 or a little more distally, 

 the four discocellulars, D 1 to D 4 , almost of even length, D- not distincth' incurved; D 3 in both wings as 

 strongly developed as the other cross-veins, the cell being closed. 



The separation of the subcostals of the forewing from the radials is a most interesting characte- 

 ristic of Pardopsis. In the most generalised venation of Lepidoptera the veins arise direct from the cell; 

 such neuration, or stages slightly later, are observed in the Tineids, man}' Zygaenids, Lj'caenids, Hes- 

 perids and others. The difference between Pardopsis and Acraea recurs in other groups of Lepidoptera, 

 f. i. in the Saturnids : the cocoon-spinning forms allied to Attacus, Sahtrnia, etc., correspond to Pardopsis 

 in the position of the subcostals. and in the Ceratocampids and other American forms which pupate in 

 the ground (Arsenura, etc.) the subcostals and radials have a similar position as in Acraea. 



In the neuration and the structure of the tarsal claw- segment Pardopsis is a generalised lype, 

 which would best be placed at the beginning of the Nymphalinae as a connecting link with the Acraeinae. 



Early stages not known. 



Geographical Distribution. — One species, distributed over East Africa and Madagascar. 

 Evidently a Malagassic species which has spread to the continent in comparatively recent times. 



1. Pardopsis punctatissima Boisduval, Faune Madag. Bourb. et Mau- Madagascar; Cape to 

 rice, p. 3i, n. 5, pi. 6, fig. 2 (iS33) (Acraea). Abyssinia. 



Acraea stictica Boisduval, in Deleg. Voy. Africa austr. Vol. 2, p. 590, n. 5i (1S47). 



Acraea (sect. Tehhinia) punctatissima Doubleday. Gen. diurn. Lep. Vol. 1, p. 142. n. 34(1848). 



Acraia punctatissima Triraen, Rhop. Africa austr. Vol. 1, p. io5, n. 66 (1S62) ; Kirby. Cat. diurn. Lep. p. i32, 



n. 23 [1871). 

 Acraia punctatissima var. a. A. stictica. Kirby, ibidem, p. i33 (1S71). 

 Acraea punctatissima Oberthur, Ann. Mus. Stor. Nat. Genova, Vol, 18, p. 719, n. 32 (i883); Saalmiiller, Lep. 



Madag. p. 75 (18S4); Staudinger, Exot. Tagf. p. S4, pi. 33, <? (i885); Mabille, in Grandidier, Hist. Nat. 



Madag". Lep. p. 114, 11. 18, pi. n, fig;. 14 (1885-1887). 

 Pardopsis punctatissima Trimen, S Afr. Butt. Vol. 1, p. i83, n. 56 (1S87). 



Acraea punctatissima Brunner. Farbenpr. Insekt. p. 5, pi. 4, f. 44 (1897) ; Jordan, Novit. Zool. p. 387 (1898). 

 Pa.dopsis punctatissima Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 524, 53i (1896); Butler, ibidem, p. 092 (1897); 



ibidem (1897;. p. 924 (1S98); ibidem, p. 401 (1898) ; Distant, Ann. Mag Nat. Hist. (7). Vol. 1, p. 5o (1898); 



Aurivilliers, Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl. Vol 3i, n. 5, p. 80, 81, text fig-. 7 (1S99) ; Butler, Ann. Mag. Nat. 



Hist. 17), Vol. 4, p. 375 (1899); ibidem (7), Vol. 7, p. 27 (1901); Marshall, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 3o5, 



307, 3o8. 314. 3i5 (1902); Roger, ibidem, p. 534 (1998); Neave, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. n (1910); 



Eltringham, Afric. Mimet. Butterfl. p. 89, n5 (1910); Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 4 (1912) ; Aurivillius;, 



in Seitz, Grossschmett, Vol. i3, p. 288, pi. 53« (1914). 



