198 LIFE OF DAVID' LIVINGSTONE, LL.D. 



names, — ' sand,' ' stone,' { mud,' or ' reed ' rivers. I do not urge the point, 

 but I think it merits consideration." 



The value of ivory showed clearly how far the slave-traders had advanced. 

 Where ivory was common and had no value attached to it, it was a certain 

 indication that the place had not been visited by half-caste traders from the 

 east or west coast. No traders had been at or near the Falls prior to his visit. 

 He says : — 



" That trade has never extended thus far from either the east or western 

 coasts, is, I believe, extremely probable from the grave of the elder Sekote 

 being still seen on Kalai Island, ornamented with seventy large elephants' 

 tusks planted round it, and there are about thirty tusks over the resting-places 

 of his relatives. Indeed, ivory was used only to form the armlets and grave- 

 stones of the rich, and it is now met with in a rotten state all over the Batoka 

 country. This fact I take as corroborative of the universal assertion, that no 

 trader ever visited the country previous to the first and unsuccessful attempt 

 of the Mambari to establish the slave trade with Santuru, the last chief of the 

 Barotse." 



