CAMERON'S PAPER AT THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION. 693 



a great portion of it might easily be made navigable. One thing he noticed 

 in Africa was this system of watersheds, dividing the country into portions, 

 each having its own peculiarity ; and also that in each there was a difference 

 in the habits of the natives. Within twenty days he crossed the Usagara 

 Mountains and came upon a level open country, where a great quantity of 

 African corn was grown, the stalks of which rose to the height of from twenty 

 to twenty-four feet. In this country no animal could live except the goat, 

 the tsetse fly being destructive to all others. The principal geological for- 

 mation was sandstone. A few marches brought him to Ugogo, an extensive 

 plain broken by two ranges of hills, composed of loose masses of granite piled 

 together in the wildest confusion. The soil was sandy and sterile. The 

 inhabitants of Ugogo, like their country, are rugged ; but owing to having to 

 work hard for their living, they are more industrious than those of most of 

 the other countries in Africa. The people of Ugogo also possess large herds 

 of cattle. 



" Coming to the country of the Ugari he found a tribe almost identical 

 with Unyamwesi. The principal streams of this district fall into the Mul- 

 garazi. With regard to the etymology of the names Nyassa, Nyanaza, Nyara, 

 Nykow, etc., Captain Cameron explained that the word " Nya" was virtually 

 the verb rain. " Tanga" was the verb to mix, from which came Tanganyika, 

 the mixing place of waters, and the appropriateness of this appellation was 

 exemplified by the number of rivers which ran into the lake. Unyamwesi 

 was the commencement of the basin of the Congo. He believed that the 

 natives of Unyamwesi were of the Malay race. They had crossed a great 

 deal with negroes, and had lost the distinctive colour and distinctive marks 

 of the race, but their features were much the same as the dominant races in 

 Madagascar, who wear their long hair hanging down the back. In conse- 

 quence of the intermixture of negro blood the people of Unyamwesi were 

 unable to wear their hair in this fashion, but they imitated it by twisting the 

 fibres of trees in their woolly hair, and so making ringlets. Some who did not 

 care for that style of adornment made themselves wigs, which they wore on 

 high days and holidays. 



" Ugaro is a large plain nearly as flat as a billiard table. The people 

 here were different from the Unyamwesians ; they had not got the same fea- 

 tures or the same tribal marks. After passing over the mountains of Komendi, 

 which are an offshoot of the mountains round the south end of Tanganyika, 

 they came to a fertile land, much of it laid waste by the ravages of a neigh- 

 bouring tribe. All the mountains in that district were of granite. There was 

 there a large quantity of salt; and what was remarkable was, that the rivers 

 ran perfectly fresh through soil which, when the natives dug wells, gave water 

 which was full of salt. Captain Cameron reached Ujiji in February, 1875, on 

 the same day of the year as it was first sighted by Burton. At Ujiji the peo- 



