970 LIFE OF DA VID LIVINGSTONE, LL.D. 



has, no doubt, been once a lake. Among other evidences, I saw on the march 

 to-day clear traces of an old beach in one or two places. We reached our 

 camp at 10.5 — distance about eleven miles. 



"27th. The hongo was settled to-day — fifteen doti of coloured cloth. 

 The name of the place is Puna, and of the king Marangoga. 



" 28th. The road passed alternately across bare open plain, and through 

 jungle much more interesting than former ones, as all the trees and bushes 

 were in full leaf. Away on our left stretched the bare plain, looking as dismal 

 and dreary as the desert. 



"Nguru, Usukuma, Dec. 11th. 



"We are now at last only a few days' march from the lake, but I fear we 

 shall be detained here some time. This place is a sort of rendezvous for the 

 caravans to and from this part of the country ; and to this place our pagaazis, 

 or porters, engaged to come, a few only agreeing to go on to the lake. So 

 when we arrived here, which we did yesterday, most of our men left us ; conse- 

 quently, we shall to have to engage a number of fresh men to carry our things 

 on to the Nyanza. This would have been an easy matter if we had reached 

 this place five or six weeks ago ; but we have arrived at an unfortunate time, 

 for the rainy season is just setting in, and all the people are busily engaged 

 in sowing the matama, or millet, and Indian corn, so that we shall have little 

 chance of getting men for three weeks or a month, when the sowing time will 

 be over. Soon after leaving Mpwapwa, we left the beaten road to Unyan- 

 yembe, and passed through new country, which was very largely jungle of 

 forest. Thus, on one occasion, we marched for eight consecutive days through 

 unbroken jungle ; and the last four marches before reaching this place were 

 through another unbroken jungle, so a great deal of our time has been spent 

 in the forest. The people we passed through were the Wagogo or people of 

 Ugogo — the Wataturu, a warlike scattered tribe, who live in the first big 

 jungle we passed through, and Wasukuma, or people of Usukuma, among 

 whom we now are. The men here, when in holiday costume, smear their 

 bodies with red clay and dress up their hair with a paste of red clay and 

 rancid butter, and the odour of a crowd of Wagogo is most overpowering. 

 They seem to have no religion, and little or no idea of a Grod, though they 

 are superstitious and afraid of evil spirits. They also have great faith in 

 their ■ magangas,' or medicine-men, who profess to make rain, etc., and 

 stand in great awe of them. At one village I was set down as a ' maganga,' 

 because they saw me get a light with my burning-glass. I have indeed been 

 literally the medicine-man of our caravan, and have sent many a negro away 

 happy by giving him some l dawa,' or medicine. I have generally, too, 

 managed to cure them. The Wagogo are not a bad-looking race, but the 

 men disfigure themselves by boring a hole in the lobe of their ears when 

 quite young, which they gradually enlarge to an enormous extent. They are 



