Birds. 1051 



favoured climates, or escaping from the intense frost and deep snow 

 of the arctic or northern regions of Europe, or even of America. In 

 winter — especially if Iceland, — perhaps Greenland too — Norway, 

 Sweden and Denmark, be visited with severity, 



" Multi glomerantur aves, ubi frigidus annus 



Trans pontum fugat, et terris immittit apricis," 



multitudes of birds, particularly swans, geese, ducks, and other Nata- 

 tores, migrate to our milder sea-shore, to the estuary of the Tees, and 

 to the adjoining salt-marshes ; and in such a season, many scarce spe- 

 cies are always met with. Indeed, I consider that in a certain num- 

 ber of years most, if not all, the sea-birds which are known to frequent 

 Britain — with the exception of a few exceedingly rare southern strag- 

 glers — might be shot within the district to which my present cata- 

 logue is limited. 



Having, twenty years ago, written a ' Catalogue of most of the Birds 

 which are known to frequent the country near Stockton,' — that was 

 afterwards published in the Appendix to Brewster's ' History of Stock- 

 ton-upon-Tees,' I was obliged to confine my examination to a very 

 small portion of the present district. 



The only other notices that have already been published on the 

 birds of parts of this country, besides those two which I have previ- 

 ously mentioned, are as follow. ' A Catalogue of Cleveland Animals, 

 Class II. Birds,' in the Appendix to the 'History of Cleveland,' by 

 the Rev. John Graves, 1808 ; and ' A List of Birds observed at Har- 

 tlepool,' in the Appendix to the ' History of Hartlepool,' by Sir Cuth- 

 bert Sharp, Kt., 1816. Both of these, however, are mere lists, and 

 unaccompanied with any descriptive notes. In the following pages I 

 have frequently referred to them. 



Golden Eagle, Aquila chrysaetos. " One, I believe, was killed near 

 Marsk, six or seven years ago, and is in the collection of Mr. C. Ox- 

 ley, Redcar ; but I have not seen it." — J. G* 



White-tailed Eagle, Haliceetus albicilla. I am glad of this oppor- 

 tunity to state that the eagle shot near the Tees, in Cleveland, by Mr. 

 L. Rudd, Nov. 5, 1823, and incorrectly recorded in my Catalogue of 

 Birds appended to Brewster's * History of Stockton,' No. 4, as the 

 golden eagle, proved, upon a personal examination, to be H. albicilla. 



* This is from the information kindly afforded to me by Mr. John Grey, of Stock- 

 ton ; to whom I am also indebted for the knowledge of many rare birds that have been 

 noticed in this district : and to whom the initials J. G. refer. 



