clxvi Pomeranian Species 



23. L. ulminella, Z., I had long sought in vain, but at length found 

 several pupae on the 26th of September, 1849, on small bushes of elm, 

 along the ditches (not the mill-stream) before Steinfurt's mill, near 

 Eckerberg ; from these I bred only three specimens, February 18th — 

 22nd. In 1850 I found it on the 21st of September, still in the larva 

 state. The period of flight is May. 



24. L. pastorella, Heyd., is also one of the few species of Lithocol- 

 letis which is easily recognized in the larva state. It mines in wil- 

 low-leaves, but almost always on trees, only very rarely have I found 

 it on bushes, which however were already growing into trees. It has 

 the peculiarity of frequenting rows of trees. I found the pupae on the 

 7th of October, 1848, on the willows of the Ueckermiinde high road ; 

 the larvae on the 26th of September, 1849, also on willow-trees which 

 surrounded the mill-pond at Eckerberg ; but far more abundantly on 

 the willow-trees near Eckerberg, along the high road from there to 

 Ueckermiinde. The mined abode is generally between the midrib and 

 the edge of the leaf, and takes up with its breadth half the breadth of 

 the leaf. The midrib of the leaf is never undermined ; the epidermis 

 is placed in a stout fold, which generally runs parallel with the mid- 

 rib ; the hypodermis has a dappled appearance from the parts of the 

 leaf being eaten away irregularly. The excrement is collected into a 

 little heap. The stout larva has a heart-shaped head and an unspot- 

 ted thorax. The 1st and 3rd segments are of equal breadth; the 2nd 

 is the broadest of all ; at the 4th segment the body becomes suddenly 

 much narrower, but at the 8th segment it is again very broad, and be- 

 comes again more pointed towards the end: the 7th, 8th, 9th and 10th 

 segments (sometimes also the 6th and 11th) are citron-yellow, the re- 

 mainder clear white. The chief characteristic of the larva consists in 

 the seven raised, black-brown (generally longish, round) spots, which 

 occur on the 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th and 11th segments; the 12th 

 segment has two shorter spots behind one another, or one interrupted 

 breadthwise. The spots, so striking to the eye, cause the larva to be 

 immediately recognized. Pupa blackish, its cocoon very fine. Period 

 of flight the middle of October. 



Note. — Of this and the following species it must be remarked that 

 the autumnal larvae undergo all their metamorphoses in the same year. 

 These species have consequently a summer and an autumn brood ; 

 the spring and early-summer larvae producing the summer brood, and 

 the late-summer and autumnal larvae the autumn brood. In most of 

 the other species there is a spring brood, arising from the autumnal 



