Entomological Society. 8705 



point of the leaf, occupying the entire breadth ; the mine is not conspicuous. On the 

 upper side of the leaf the epidermis remains flat, and is but slightly discoloured (espe- 

 cially in the Festucae), the under side being more puckered and yellowish. The grayish 

 excrements are irregularly scattered throughout the mine. The larva seems to prefer 

 those leaves which lie flat on the ground and are covered by the others, and may thus 

 have escaped observation. In mild winters, like the past, the larvae feed continuously, 

 and are full-fed in February, but when the cold is more intense they remain motionless 

 until the frost is over, and then continue the same mine, notwithstanding that the leaf 

 may be somewhat withered. When nearly full-fed they remove to a fresh leaf. 



" When full-fed the larva seeks a convenient corner, commonly the base of the 

 leaf, to undergo its change, and spins a very slight web of parallel threads, surrounding 

 the middle of the body with a silken girth. They remain one or two weeks before they 

 change to the pupa state, after which the perfect insect appears in about five or six 

 weeks, according to the weather. 



" The imago is seldom seen on the wing, but can easily be captured in the after- 

 noon, when they are sitting on the leaves of the food-plant, the females having com- 

 monly their wings erected perpendicularly, as it seems to attract the males. 



"This insect is not at all uncommon here (at Leeuwarden). On sandy localities, 

 where Holcus lanatus abounds, the larvse are probably more scattered, but along the 

 roads in clayey localities, where that plant occurs here and there, a single tuft is often 

 tenanted by more than thirty larvae. 



"A summer brood, though very probable, has not yet been observed." 



Professor Westwood mentioned that, during a recent trip in the Italian portion of 

 the Tyrol, he had observed the leaves of the walnut trees to be blackened throughout 

 the distal half, and apparently scorched ; on examination they were found to be rolled 

 up by the larva? of one of the Tineidae, which had proved to be Gracilaria rufipennella, 

 a species which ordinarily fed on the plane tree. The pupae were of singular form, 

 the antenna case in the males extending beyond the extremity of the abdomen. 



Professor Westwood exhibited drawings of the larvse and pupa? of the genera 

 Coronis and Castnia: those of Coronis were taken from the collection of Dr. Kaden 

 at Dresden, which was very rich in illustrations of the transformations of the Lepidop- 

 tera of Granada, which had been formed by Moritz ; the larva was supplied with spines 

 on its back, like some of the Notodontidae. The larva of Castnia burrowed in the 

 stems of trees, and was a long fleshy grub, like that of a Longicorn beetle, whilst the 

 pupa had its abdomen furnished with two rows of reflexed spines, which enabled it to 

 work its way along the burrows, after the manner of Cossus. 



Professor Westwood exhibited specimens and photographs of Papilio Castor and 

 P. Pollux. In the 'Arcana Entomologica ' he had described those forms as distinct 

 species, but Mr. George Gray, conceiving them to be the sexes of one species, had 

 given P. Pollux as a synonym of P. Castor; the Professor, however, exhibited males 

 of both forms and females of P. Pollux, and he exhibited a specimen of P. Castor from 

 the collection of Mr. Semper, of Altona, one of the wings of which was partly of the 

 ordinary form of the male, whilst the remainder of the wing had the markings and 

 coloration which (judging from analogy) the female of P. Castor would possess. From 

 a consideration of these circumstances the Professor was still disposed to maintain the 

 specific distinctness of the two forms. Apart from its bearing on this question, Mr. 

 Semper's specimen of P. Castor was extremely interesting, as exhibiting a new phase 

 VOL. XXI. 3 E 



