2 THE ZOOLOGIST/ 



Jahrbuch,' 1892, p. 303). The breed survived for some time in 

 the pine forests of Johannisburg, together with Elk, Bears, and 

 wild Horses;* bat no mention of it occurs in the hunting 

 literature of the 16th and 17th centuries, while in the 18th 

 century Fleming (' Der vollkommene Teutsche Jager') and Dobel 

 (' Nea eroffnete Jagerpraktike ') only briefly allude to it as having 

 entirely disappeared from Germany by the end of the previous 

 century. 



Lithuania, of which the ancients had some knowledge (see 

 Pallas, 'Neue Nordische Beitrage, I. p. 1, and my observations on 

 Bonasus and Bos in the Index to Aristotle published by the 

 Berlin Academy in 1870), was then the only district in the north 

 which sheltered it, as mentioned by Baron von Herberstein in a 

 much-contested passage.! Besides the authors mentioned in my 

 Essay, I quoted Wiegmann's ' Archiv fur Naturgeschichte,' 1839, 

 pp.75— 78; 1841, pp.55, 56; 1847, p.225 ; ErmanV Archiv,' 1852, 

 pp. 30— 40; * Die Gartenlaube,' 1860, p. 725 ; 'Neue Deutsche 



Jagd-Zeitung,' v. pp. 289,297, 306,314; vi. p. 134, &c 



Schiller Tietz, in his brochure * Inzucht und Consanguinitat,' has 

 expressed the view held by many that animals which are confined 

 in a comparatively small space will diminish in size. For example, 

 the Bison is said to have formerly weighed as much as 1000 

 kilos., but now only from 500 to 600 kilos. 



According to the ' Neue Deutsche Jagd-Zeitung' (xiii. p. 196), 

 Bison in the forest of Bialowicza generally weigh about 600 kilos., 

 and several weighed 20 cwt (v. p. 307). Formerly they were 7 ft. 

 high, 10 to 12 ft. in length, and weighed from 19 to 22 cwt. One 

 killed in 1595 by Johann Sigismund of Prussia weighed 19 cwt., 

 or 100 lbs. less than our old friend in the Berlin Zoological 

 Gardens, t The cows, which are not fully matured until they are 



* Hagen, ' Gescbichte des preussischen Auers,' 1819. 



f Cams, 'Geschichte der Zoologie,' p. 337; ' Zoologische Garten,' viii. 

 p. 3. 



I The way in which deer and other wild animals were formerly weighed 

 may be illustrated by the following quotation from an article by J. E. H. on 

 the Hunting Trophies in the German Exhibition of 1891 (' The Field,' July 

 4th and 18th, 1891) : — " Here also we may note two other objects which 

 figure in the old paintings above referred to, and which perhaps served as 

 actual models to the artist — namely, the game weighing-machine and the 

 gome -carrier. The former may be described as a cross-beam supported on 



