34 THE ZOOLOGIST. 



species (Cooke's Hartebeest) they form a right angle with the 

 middle line of the face. In no case, however, do the horns 

 assume the characteristic form and curvature of the true goats, 

 or sheep. 



As to what constitutes the difference between Wild Sheep 

 (clothed as they are with hair instead of ivool), Mr. Lydekker 

 remarks : — 



" All species of Sheep have glands in both hind and fore feet, whereas 

 in the Goats these glands, if present at all, occur only in the fore feet. In 

 the Oxen they are invariably absent. The absence of a true beard on the 

 chin,* and also of a strongly marked odour in the males of sheep, are 

 important points of distinction from the goats. In the more typical species 

 of sheep, the horns are triangular, aud marked by parallel transverse 

 wrinkles, extending completely round them, their first curve being directed 

 downwards and forwards, and the second curve turned outwards; while 

 their colour is either light brown or greenish [qucere, greyish] brown. 

 Certain species of sheep, however, such as the Bharal of Thibet (Ovis 

 nahura) [with smaller, smoother, and more spreading horns], present 

 60 marked an approximation to the goats in the structure of their horns 

 as well as in some other features, that it is extremely difficult, if not 

 impossible, to draw up a concise definition between the two groups so far 

 as these points are concerned. 



" So closely related, indeed, are the sheep to the goats, that Dr. A. R. 

 Wallace, in his well-known ' Geographical Distribution of Animals,' has 

 proposed to include the whole of them in a single genus — the genus Capra 

 of Linnaeus. This view, however, has not commended itself to the majority 

 of zoologists, who class all the sheep in the genus Ovis. In this respect, 

 therefore, zoologists and sportsmen are for once in accord, and although, as 

 already mentioned, some of the more aberrant species of sheep approximate 

 to the goats in several respects, yet neither zoologists nor sportsmen find 

 any practical difficulty in deciding to which group any species brought for 

 the first time under their notice should be referred." 



The chapter on Asiatic Deer is an interesting one, dealing 

 as it does with a large number of species ; but it is disappointing 

 in the brevity with which each species is treated. If economy of 

 space were an object, it would have been useful to have referred 

 the reader to other works in which some account of the haunts 

 and habits of these animals are given from personal observation. 

 For example, under the head of Cervus maral, Mr. Lydekker 

 might have quoted or referred to the interesting account of this 



* In Ovis cycloceros, however, of Northern India, we have an inter- 

 mediate form with a beard on the throat. — Ed. 



