6486 Reason and Instinct. 



so restrained and regulated in its operation by Reason, that it 

 becomes difficult to allege any but a very few of man's daily actions 

 as influenced by it, or even to distinguish between the workings of 

 Instinct and the rulings of Reason, in actions which, according to 

 analogy, are originally due to or prompted by Instinct. 



The statements and considerations by which we endeavoured to 

 illustrate and establish these positions (Zool. 6083—6091,6196—6206, 

 6313 — 6317) both give and receive mutual light and confirmation, 

 when brought into contrast with similar physiological observations to 

 those appealed to in the case of the lower animals. 1 do not mean 

 that there are in existence any available observations — at least, so far 

 as 1 am aware — upon the contrasted brains of uncivilized, semi- or 

 imperfectly civilized, and civilized man, — any series, that is to say, 

 intended to display the comparative conformation of each, and the 

 relative magnitudes and conditions of development of the cerebral 

 hemispheres, and the organs at the base of the brain which are the 

 analogues of the Instinct-organs in the several classes of the brute 

 creation ; but, what is clearly approximating in value to such a series 

 of observations, we have the shape and dimensions of the different 

 skulls, and of the cranial cavity in each, w T hich are to be met with 

 among the different communities and tribes of mankind. And it is a 

 sufficiently remarkable fact, that these skulls do arrange themselves 

 in three great classes — distinguished as the Prognathous, Pyramidal 

 and Elliptical type of skulls — corresponding precisely to the three 

 divisions or classes of mankind which we indicated by the nomencla- 

 ture adopted a moment since, and implied in our three positions ; I 

 mean uncivilized, imperfectly civilized and civilized ; while the de- 

 scription, given by physiological writers, of each several class of 

 skulls is equally remarkable, taken in connexion with the statements 

 and considerations which were advanced when what we have called 

 our "positions" were under discussion. 



The Prognathous Skull, which is the prevailing cranial conforma- 

 tion among the most uncivilized or savage communities in the world, 

 is remarkable, says Dr. Carpenter, " for the large development of the 

 parts connected with the organs of sense, especially those of smell 

 and hearing. The aperture of the nostrils is very wide, and the inter- 

 nal space allowed for the expansion of the Schneiderian membrane, 

 and for the distribution of the olfactory nerve, is much greater than in 

 most European heads. The posterior openings of the nasal cavity 

 are not less remarkable for their width than the anterior. The exter- 

 nal auditory meatus is also peculiarly wide and spacious, and the 



