EAST INDIA M ADDER. 211 



on the land by exposure to the sun and air. In commerce 

 we find the following varieties of the common madder : — 

 Smyrna, French, Syrian, and Italian roots; and French, 

 Dutch-crop, Ombros, Gamene, and Mull ground madders. 

 The quantity of roots imported in 1851 was 8081 tons, 

 and of ground madder 5012, or both together 13,093 tons. 



Garancine. — This substance is a preparation of madder 

 for which we are indebted to the French. It is powdered 

 madder, acted upon by sulphuric acid ; the acid partly car- 

 bonizes the lignine, or woody matter of the madder, with- 

 out impairing the colouring matter, which is consequently 

 yielded with greater ease. Garancine is a valuable but ex- 

 pensive dye; it is in the form of a puce or violet-brown 

 coloured powder. "We receive only a few tons annually 

 from France. 



East India Madder. Rubia Munjista. (Nat. Ord. 

 Cinchonacea.) (Plate XV. fig. 78.) 



This is the article known generally as Munjeet or Mun- 

 jeeth; it is a native of Nepal, Bengal, and Japan. It 

 grows very much in the same way as common madder ; the 

 roots however are thinner and much longer ; they are usually 

 imported in bundles about the thickness of a man's wrist, 

 but flattened by pressure in the bales, and about two feet 



