1 88 REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION. 



TI)e Good Roads. 



The good roads are also a factor to be considered. Since the forests are to 

 be lumbered perpetually, the roads are made for permanency, consisting often 

 of stone, laid with much expense, and not infrequently macadamized. In the 

 Spessart, four dollars and fifty cents a cubic meter for stone laid at the roadside 

 and broken, is not considered an exorbitant price. In 1903 Saxony spent $175,000 

 on forest roads. The roads are properly graded, and some of them have along 

 their sides, at intervals of about fifty feet, large stones set on edge, which serve 

 as a guide in winter. On much traveled roads these stones are often painted 

 white to serve as a guide at night. At each important crossroad a guidepost 

 is placed so that the traveler can easily find his way. Occasionally, in an ever- 

 green forest, hardwood trees are planted along the "chaussee," the foliage in 

 autumn contrasting charmingly with the dark green of the conifers. With roads 

 thus carefully made and kept constantly in good condition the hauling of timber 

 is an easy matter. In the dukedom of Brunswick, Germany, the building of a 

 system of good roads increased the income from the forest management by twenty 

 per cent. 



Hov Timber Is Transported. 



Timber is not skidded. It is drawn to the roads from the woods, or the field 

 where it is felled, in about the same way as it is snaked to the skidway in 

 America. The small material is frequently brought out on sleds, even in summer. 

 Tramways have recently become quite common for this purpose. Occasionally 

 the tramway is constructed with only one rail, especially where ledges occur 

 along its course which are too narroAv to permit a two-rail track. The car for 

 such a track has, besides the wheel that runs on the rail, a wheel at each side, 

 either of which is made to run on the ground by the weight of a man who stands 

 on the rear end of the car and moves from side to side as necessity requires. 



Felled timber is peeled of bark, especially when cut in the summer. This is 

 generally done before it is hauled out of the woods. Pulp-wood is sometimes 

 taken to the railroad with the bark on, and then peeled close to where it is to 

 be loaded upon the cars. This method saves expense in transportation, prevents 

 damage by insects, and preserves the white color of the wood. Occasionally, 

 among the peeled logs, two or three are left with the bark on as a trap to catch 

 the insects. These are burned when they become much infested. 



Logs are usually hauled on trucks drawn by oxen or horses, in France the 

 horses being hitched tandem. In Italy, high-wheeled carts are used, with the long 



