FOREST NURSERIES AND NURSERY METHODS IN EUROPE. 229 



plants at a merely nominal expense. As a deer nips at the leader first instead of 

 the side shoots, its sensitive nose receives a pricking that induces the animal to 

 desist immediately from further effort. 



This device has proved very effective. But the tins fall off in time, become 

 rusty, and when the barefooted women and children who work in the nurseries 

 and plantations step on one of them lockjaw is . . . . 



liable to ensue. Deaths from this cause have ML m A A 



occurred so frequent.lv that some foresters will Bm «M K&\ Bm 



no longer permit their use. A forstmeister at IH II fll IB 



Eisenach, who deprecated their use strongly, B HLJH £JH 9mm R a 

 secures protection for his plants by painting the Bvu 



leader on each with a mixture in which beef's " Hi 



blood forms a large component, the putrid odor <—- /^ > 



proving- as efficacious and as repulsive to the Shape.of tin guard before using it is bent 



r & r squarely at the places indicated by dotted lines 



r , , , , , 1 .,-,. _ , before placing it on the tip of the leader. 



nose of the deer as the sharp-pomted tin. Small 



wads of cotton or tow tied to the terminal buds are also used by some foresters 

 to protect young plants, but this method requires so much time in affixing the 

 material that it is regarded generally as expensive and impractical. 



Commercial Norgeries. 



The commercial nurseries in Germany are remarkable for their great areas, 

 intelligent management and economical methods. Their annual output of plants and 

 seedlings is figured in millions — many millions *• — and their superior advantages 

 enable them to supply, at a profit, the demand from forest reviers, and also from 

 the smaller nurseries in Europe and America, the proprietors of which prefer to 

 buy their seedlings instead of operating seed beds themselves. These commercial 

 nurseries are well worth the careful attention and personal observation of any 

 one who is interested in this branch of silvics. 



The principal nurseries of this class are located at Halstenbek, in Holstein, 

 and at Knittelsheim (railroad station at Bellheim), in the Rheinpfalz. The former 

 is near the city of Hamburg, and the Amarican forestry student who crosses the 

 ocean on the Hamburg line will find Halstenbek a convenient place to visit in 

 pursuing his studies. The latter is not far from the northern part of the Black 

 Forest, and is easily reached from there. 



* The advertising circular of one firm this year showing the number of plants of each species 

 for sale indicates a stock on hand of 56,959,000 seedlings and transplants. 



