FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 377 



The oval cottony cocoon of the male is well shown at figures 1 1, 12, plate 3. 

 The presence of the perfect insect within may be known by the two long, protrud- 

 ing anal filaments. The male is not seen without special search. It is a delicate, 

 two-winged, reddish insect with rather large antennae, and a pair of white anal fila- 

 ments nearly twice the length of its body (Plate 3, figure 18). It moves slowly 

 over the limbs in a clumsy way, it is not easily disturbed and rarely takes wing. A 

 most interesting feature is the occurrence of two forms. The normal one has 

 already been described, but ten days earlier than its occurrence there may be 

 found large numbers of males which are characterized by the possession of wing 

 pads but no wings. These are known as pseudimagos and one is represented at 

 figure 17, plate 3. The reason for the existence of two forms of males is unknown. 



Life Jiistory. This insect is most conspicuous during the months of April, May 

 and June, at which time the females are preparing to give birth to their young, which 

 make their appearance in the latitude of Albany early in July. The new born 

 insects move rapidly over the bark for a time and then settle along the veins of the 

 leaves, principally the midvein, and in large numbers on the greener tips of the 

 twigs. Occasionally a twig will be almost yellow from the large number of young 

 nearly covering it. Others establish themselves in crevices among the old females. 

 They remain in these positions till into September or later and then those on the 

 leaves migrate to the twigs. Some do not take this precaution soon enough and 

 are carried away on the falling leaves and scattered by the winds. The winter is 

 passed by the partly grown insects which are quite well protected by a waxy secre- 

 tion from the dorsal and lateral processes. The first warm weather in spring brings 

 signs of activity. Early in April the females molt and the males form their 

 cocoons. At this time many travel considerable distances before establishing them- 

 selves, this is specially true of the males, which are quite apt to spin cocoons on 

 dead twigs. Honey dew is excreted by the females in very large quantities from this 

 time till the young appear in July. This is evidently the period when the insect is 

 most injurious. The wingless males or pseudimagos were present in large numbers 

 May 10, 1900, while the perfect males were not abundant till May 21 and there was 

 a time between these dates when no males could be found. Soon after pairing there 

 is a marked difference in the appearance of the female. Her form changes from 

 elliptic (Plate 3, figure 14) to oval (Plate 3, figure 16) and the secretion of the wax is 

 much more copious and is mainly from the lateral spines instead of from both lateral 

 and dorsal, as occurred in the fall. 



This bark louse, like the elm leaf beetle, appears to thrive best on the European 

 species of Ulmns, specially the Scotch elm. 



