﻿AND 
  AVES 
  OF 
  NORTH 
  AMERICA. 
  71 
  

  

  Measurements 
  of 
  Vertebra. 
  

   Of 
  Young. 
  

   Eighth? 
  dorsal 
  ; 
  total 
  length, 
  

  

  length 
  to 
  shoulder, 
  

  

  longitudinal 
  line 
  between 
  zygapophyses, 
  

   horizontal 
  base 
  of 
  neural 
  spine, 
  

   depth 
  of 
  neural 
  canal, 
  

   " 
  " 
  articular 
  cup, 
  

   width 
  of 
  " 
  " 
  

  

  neural 
  suture 
  to 
  nearest 
  diapophysis, 
  

   Third? 
  lumbar; 
  total 
  length, 
  

  

  length 
  to 
  shoulder, 
  

  

  longitud. 
  line 
  between 
  zygapophyses, 
  

   horizontal 
  base 
  of 
  neural 
  spine, 
  

   depth 
  neural 
  canal, 
  

   " 
  articular 
  cup, 
  

   width 
  " 
  " 
  

  

  First 
  sacral 
  ; 
  length, 
  

  

  anterior 
  width 
  centrum, 
  

   posterior 
  " 
  " 
  

  

  depth 
  neural 
  canal, 
  

  

  " 
  articulation 
  of 
  diapophysis, 
  

   length 
  " 
  " 
  

  

  width 
  neural 
  arch 
  between 
  diapophyses, 
  

   Anterior 
  caudal 
  ; 
  length, 
  

  

  " 
  to 
  shoulder, 
  

   depth 
  neural 
  canal, 
  

   " 
  articular 
  cup, 
  

   width 
  " 
  " 
  

  

  width 
  inferior 
  plane, 
  

   Distal 
  caudal 
  ; 
  length, 
  

  

  " 
  to 
  shoulder, 
  

   depth 
  cup,* 
  

   width 
  " 
  

   length 
  base 
  diapophysis, 
  

  

  None 
  of 
  the 
  vertebra 
  exhibit 
  a 
  constriction 
  of 
  the 
  neural 
  canal 
  by 
  a 
  ridge 
  on 
  each 
  of 
  its 
  sides, 
  as 
  is 
  seen 
  in 
  the 
  H. 
  

   tenebrosus. 
  

  

  This 
  specimen 
  is 
  named 
  from 
  the 
  short 
  longitudinal 
  and 
  vertical 
  extent 
  of 
  its 
  hypapophyses. 
  

  

  A 
  right 
  humerus 
  accompanying 
  three 
  vertebrae 
  of 
  the 
  adult, 
  has 
  the 
  same 
  color 
  and 
  mineralization, 
  and 
  was 
  

   found 
  with 
  them 
  ; 
  it 
  probably 
  belongs 
  to 
  the 
  same 
  animal. 
  Compared 
  with 
  a 
  humerus 
  of 
  H. 
  obscurus 
  of 
  medium 
  

   size, 
  it 
  is 
  three-fifths 
  the 
  length 
  and 
  has 
  more 
  strongly 
  marked 
  articular 
  faces. 
  The 
  head 
  is 
  more 
  transverse, 
  less 
  

   rounded, 
  and 
  more 
  strongly 
  divided 
  into 
  the 
  scapular 
  and 
  coracoid 
  faces. 
  The 
  width 
  of 
  the 
  head 
  is 
  one-fourth 
  the 
  

   length, 
  and 
  reaches 
  the 
  summit 
  of 
  the 
  deltoid 
  crest. 
  This 
  crest 
  is 
  lower 
  down 
  in 
  H. 
  obscurus, 
  the 
  above 
  width 
  only 
  

   reaching 
  its 
  proximal 
  base. 
  The 
  anterior 
  face 
  above 
  the 
  crest 
  is 
  concave 
  in 
  H. 
  brevispinis, 
  nearly 
  flat 
  in 
  H. 
  obscurus. 
  

   There 
  is 
  a 
  moderate 
  internal 
  tuberosity 
  distally, 
  and 
  the 
  condyles 
  are 
  moderately 
  prominent. 
  Coronoid 
  fossa 
  well 
  

   marked. 
  

  

  * 
  Measurements 
  of 
  the 
  articular 
  cup 
  are 
  always 
  made 
  from 
  middle 
  to 
  middle 
  of 
  the 
  rim. 
  

  

  In. 
  

  

  Lin. 
  

  

  1 
  

  

  5. 
  

  

  1 
  

  

  1. 
  

  

  1 
  

  

  5.5 
  

  

  

  11. 
  

  

  

  4.5 
  

  

  

  9.5 
  

  

  

  9.5 
  

  

  

  3. 
  

  

  1 
  

  

  5. 
  

  

  1 
  

  

  1. 
  

  

  1 
  

  

  6. 
  

  

  1 
  

  

  

  

  4.75 
  

  

  

  9. 
  

  

  

  11. 
  

  

  1 
  

  

  2.75 
  

  

  1 
  

  

  .75 
  

  

  

  10. 
  

  

  

  4.75 
  

  

  

  11. 
  

  

  

  9. 
  

  

  1 
  

  

  2.5 
  

  

  1 
  

  

  5. 
  

  

  1 
  

  

  1.5 
  

  

  

  4.5 
  

  

  

  8. 
  

  

  

  8.75 
  

  

  

  4. 
  

  

  1 
  

  

  5.5 
  

  

  1 
  

  

  3.25 
  

  

  

  6. 
  

  

  

  5. 
  

  

  

  3.75 
  

  

  