CAROLINA DUCK 51 



ently it was formerly common even in the northwestern part where McCauley (1877) met with it in 

 numbers about the head-waters of the Red River. 



It may be that this species breeds even in Mexico. Villada (1891-92), who states that it is found 

 in the Valle from October to March, says that specimens are sometimes taken on the Laguna de 

 Texcoeo in August. Dr. E. W. Nelson, however, who travelled and collected much in „ . 

 various parts of Mexico, never saw it there and the well-known collector, Mr. W. W. 

 Brown, did not find it in the Valle when making a collection for the Museum of Comparative Zoology 

 a few years ago. 



Winter Range 



With the exception of the Pacific Coast the Carolina Duck does not winter regularly in any re- 

 gion north of the 40th parallel, south of which its cold-weather habitat is essentially the same as its 

 breeding area. It will not be necessary, therefore, to go into great detail. In New Eastern 

 England it occurs in winter accidentally in Massachusetts and Connecticut (G. M. United 

 Allen, 1909) and is said by G. H. Perkins and Howe (1901) to be a permanent and £>tates 

 not uncommon resident species in Vermont, in spite of which statement it must be regarded as ex- 

 tremely rare there in winter. It is occasionally found as late as the middle of December in New York 

 State (Eaton, 1910), and possibly winters there at times. The northern extremity of its real win- 

 ter range in this section is, however, New Jersey, where it is of regular, though rare occurrence 

 (W. Stone, 1909). The same is true of Pennsylvania (B. H. Warren, 1890) and Maryland (Kirkwood, 

 1895). In Virginia many stay if the winter is mild (H. H. Bailey, 1913), and essentially the same 

 statement applies to the Carolinas (T. G. Pearson, C. S. and H. H. Brimley, 1919; Wayne, 1910). 

 Thence south it is a common winter bird, especially in southern Georgia (Harper, MS.) and in Florida 

 (Scott, 1888; F. M. Chapman, 1888; Cory, 1896). The species is resident in Cuba (Gundlach, 1875) 

 and is said by Scott (1891) to be regular but rare on Jamaica. All other authorities regard it as very 

 rare or accidental in Jamaica (March, 1864; Bangs and Kennard, 1920). There is one record of 

 its occurrence in the Bermudas, December 16, 1846 (J. M. Jones, 1859). It has never, to my know- 

 ledge, been met with in the Bahamas or in any other of the Antilles. 



In the interior, east of the Mississippi, it winters from the Gulf States north, being resident, for 

 instance, in Kentucky (Pindar, 1889; Garman, 1894). Its northern winter limit in this region appears 

 to be southern Ohio, southern Indiana, and southern Illinois (Cooke, 1906), but sometimes specimens 

 are found in midwinter as far north as Ann Arbor, Michigan (Covert, 1876). 



Between the Mississippi and the Rocky Mountains, where the species is almost everywhere rare on 

 the Great Plains, the northern boundary of its winter range is wholly undetermined. Some of the 

 Colorado records are probably winter occurrences and on the whole it may be pre- Western 

 sumed that where the bird is found at all it is not north of 40° north latitude. Cooke United 

 (1906) speaks of it as wintering as far north as Kansas, but it does not appear to be 

 common in the cold season even in Arkansas, whence it has been reported from Alma, Fayette- 

 ville, and Stuttgart (Howell, 1911). According to the older writers (McHhenny, 1897; et al.), it is a 

 common resident in Louisiana, and Beyer, Allison, and Kopman (1907) wrongly assert that it is rare in 

 winter in the southern part of that State, for I have myself seen it there in great numbers. It is resi- 

 dent all over Texas (Strecker, 1912) and has been reported in winter from the Rio Llano, western Texas 

 (W. Lloyd, 1887), as well as from San Antonio (Dresser, 1866). 



On the Pacific Coast the Carolina Duck winters much farther north. Odd birds remain through the 

 cold weather in southern British Columbia (Brooks, fide J. and J. M. Macoun, 1909), and it is an oc- 

 casional resident in the Puget Sound district of Washington (Edson, 1908). Anthony (1886) states 

 that it is a common resident in Washington County, Oregon, and the same seems to have been true 

 of the Fort Klamath section (J. C. Merrill, 1888). According to a more recent writer, Pope (1895-96), 

 it is a common resident in Oregon. Its present winter status in California is not very certain. Ap- 



