MANDARIN DUCK 75 



resident while in the northern part of its range it occurs only in summer. The information available 

 for these regions is too meager, however, to enable us to draw a clear line of demarcation. 



The northern limit of this species seems to be the district about the mouth of the Amur. Only a 

 few go so far north, but more are met with farther south as one follows the Amur upstream. Still it 

 appears to be quite rare, but breeds near Mariinsk, and is the commonest duck at the _., . 

 junction of the Ussuri and the Amur, where it is seen in great flocks; and upstream to 

 the junction of the Amur and the Kumar, 127° east longitude (von Schrenck, 1859). Maak (1859) 

 first observed it as far west as the Chingan Mountains, but found it more plentiful on the Ussuri and 

 Sungari Rivers, as well as on the Amur. North of the Amur it was found in the Bureja Mountains, 

 and on the Udir (Radde, 1863). According to Taczanowski (1885) it breeds about the mouth of the 

 Ussuri. It is, however, rare on the coast of the Japan Sea, especially at Strielok. 



Farther south the species appears to be quite common on the upper Ussuri, the Suiffun and about 

 Vladivostok (Domes, 1888). Bolau (1881) also met with it on the Suiffun and Taczanowski (1885) 

 has recorded it from the Sungacha. The Italian Expedition took specimens in Olga „ . . 

 Bay (Salvadori, 1887). In Manchuria, besides the localities already mentioned, the 

 Mandarin has been found at Yintzu (Bianchi, 1902) and seems to be quite abundant about Shin-kin 

 (Ingram, 1909). In Korea the species seems to occur chiefly on passage, and has been _ 

 so reported by Taczanowski (1888), while C. W. Campbell (1892) and Kuroda (1918) 

 have also recorded it from the peninsula. Mr. E. H. Wilson, who has done extensive botanical work 

 in Korea, tells me that he considers the Mandarin almost a Korean bird, and exceedingly common in 

 spring and fall, though he did not find it breeding. According to Kuroda, however, the species breeds 

 in Korea and has been taken in the South Keisho, Keiki and Kogen districts. Whether or not it win- 

 ters commonly in Korea I am unable to say, but it has been taken in December and January (Ku- 

 roda, 1918). In general I am inclined to fix 40° north latitude as the northern boundary of its winter 

 range. In the countries north of 40° it arrives on the Ussuri in early March and leaves in early Octo- 

 ber. The Amur region it inhabits only from late May or early June to early September. South of the 

 fortieth parallel it is probably a resident bird. 



Off the coast of the mainland the Mandarin was found on Saghalin by Nikolski, but later investi- 

 gators all failed to observe it and it must at best be very rare there (Lonnberg, 1908). The only record 

 for Saghalin is the female in the St. Petersburg Museum which was taken in the south- gaghafin 

 ern part (Taczanowski, 1893). It is, however, found throughout Japan, breeding but 

 not wintering on Yezo (Blakiston and Pryer, 1878; Seebohm, 1890) and resident every- ■• " 

 where south of Yezo (Seebohm, 1890). Whitely (1867) recorded it from Hakodadi, and Jouy 

 (1883) found it common in autumn on the lakes of the interior. Ogawa (1908) gives Hakodadi, 

 Suruga, Yokohama and Nagasaki as the localities from which the species has been definitely re- 

 corded. Mr. N. Kuroda writes me that he does not consider it rare in Japan but that it visits the sea- 

 side ponds only in winter, being confined to interior waters in su mm er. It is also known from the 

 island of Tsushima, between Japan and Korea (Ogawa, 1908; Kuroda, 1922), besides having been 

 taken in the Loo-choo or Riu-kiu Islands on Tanegashima in early winter, and on Okinawashima in 

 May (Ogawa, 1905, 1908). In Formosa the Mandarin is resident in the interior (R. Swinhoe, 1866) 

 and has been taken in winter at Suishako and Horisha (Uchida, 1912). It is not known to have ever 

 occurred in the Philippines. 



The exact range of this species in China is not yet certain. Mr. E. H. Wilson, who has traveled so 

 extensively in central and northern China and Manchuria, tells me that he has rarely seen the Man- 

 darin above Hankow on the Yangtse, and that it is by no means a plentiful bird in east- -,. . 

 ern China. It evidently does not go into Mongolia, and may be confined to the eastern 

 half of China proper. According to David and Oustalet (1877) it is found in central and southern 

 China, but its headquarters seem to be the southeastern part. R. Swinhoe (1875) has reported it 

 from Chi-fu, and Kleinschmidt (1913) from Kiau-chow. As regards the interior of northern China 



