124 NYROCA VALISINERIA 



Farther northward again the Canvas-back is known to have nested at Cody, Irwin and Hackberry 



Lake, Nebraska (Cooke, 1906), and was seen in some numbers in the sandhill region during the 



Nebraska nesting season (Oberholser, 1920). It is a fairly common breeding bird in Sanborn 



■pv , . County, South Dakota (Visher, 1913) and has been found nesting in many parts of 



North Dakota (Job, 1899; Bent, 1901-02). Cooke (1906) gives Heron Lake and Madi- 

 JVLinnesota 



son as localities in Minnesota where nests have been found, but Roberts (1919) states 



that it is now practically extinct as a breeding bird in that State. Females and young 



have thrice been seen on Lake Kushkonong, Wisconsin, but these were probably crippled birds 



(Kumlien and Hollister, 1903). 



Winter Range 



In winter the Canvas-back is found from southern British Columbia (A. Brooks; Kermode, 1904; 

 Spreadborough, fide J. and J. M. Macoun, 1909) south along the coast and interior water-ways of 

 p . fi Washington, where it is common (Edson, 1908; W. L. Dawson and Bowles, 1909; 



Coast Rathbun, 1915), and Oregon (Woodcock, 1902; Jewett, 1914) and throughout California 



Islands (Grinnell, Bryant and Storer, 1918; and others). In the Pacific it has been taken on 



_. . Clipperton Island (Beck, 1907), Hawaii (R. C. L. Perkins, 1903), and even on the Mar- 



shall Islands (Reichenow, 1901) ! In the interior some birds occasionally stay at Flat- 

 a head Lake, Montana, till late January (A. A. Saunders, 1921) and others have been 



Colorado seen in Nevada during the winter {fide Hoffman, 1881). A few pass the cold season in 

 Arizona northern Colorado (Felger, 1909) and others have been seen in Arizona (Coues, 1892; 



jj ew Scott, 1886) and in New Mexico (Leopold, 1921). In parts of Texas, such as at Lake 



Mexico Surprise (McAtee, U.S. Biological Survey), it is abundant, and in other parts, such as 



Texas ^ an Antonio (Griscom, 1920), Tom Green and Concho Counties, it is tolerably common 



T . . (Strecker, 1912). McAtee (U.S. Biological Survey) found it very abundant in the Mis- 



sissippi Delta, but Beyer, Allison and Kopman (1907) state that it is only locally com- 

 Vallev mon ' n L°msi ana - This may be true, but great numbers winter there. Only a few pass 



the winter in Arkansas (Easton, U.S. Biological Survey; Howell, 1911), Kentucky 

 Lakes (Pindar, 1889) and southern Blinois (Cooke, 1906), though it has been seen in some 



numbers about the St. Clair Flats and on both sides of Lakes Erie and Ontario (Wood, 

 1910; Swales and Taverner, 1907; Fleming, 1901). Some stay in the New York lakes during the cold 

 season (Eaton, 1910; and others), and B. H. Warren (1890) says it may be occasionally seen on the 

 Susquehanna. 



On the Atlantic seaboard it does not usually winter north of Delaware (Rhoads and Pennock, 

 1905) and Maryland (Kirkwood, 1895). It is common on the Potomac River, on the upper Chesa- 

 Atlantic peake and on the James River, but in North Carolina it is confined chiefly to Currituck 



Coast Sound, its present wintering stronghold in the East. Wayne (1910) states that it is 



abundant on the Santee and Savannah Rivers in South Carolina, but this is, I think, an over- 

 statement. Farther south it becomes rare. In severe winters it has been taken at various points in 

 Florida such as the lower St. John's River, Kissimmee, Lake Jessup, Merritt's Isle, Pinnellas and in 

 Leon County (Harper, McAtee, U.S. Biological Survey; R. W. Williams, 1904; Pangburn, 1919). A 

 few have also been taken in Alabama (Golsan and Holt, 1914), and it has been reported from as far 

 south as Royal Palm Hammock in extreme southern Florida (U.S. Biological Survey records). 

 Islands ^ * ne Atlantic the Canvas-back has strayed to the Bermudas (J. M. Jones, 1859), 



Cuba (Gundlach, 1875) and Jamaica (March, 1864; P. L. Sclater, 1910). 

 The range in Mexico is not very well determined. On the Atlantic seaboard it occurs as far as Tam- 

 pico (Sanford, Bishop and Van Dyke, 1903) and in the interior it is found in the Valle de Mexico 

 Mexico (Herrera, 1888, 1890; Villada, 1891-92). Beebe (1905) saw four at Lake Chapala, and 



Grayson found it not uncommon at Mazatlan. According to Nordhoff (1922) some 



