RED-HEAD 165 



1909. In British Columbia the breeding range includes suitable localities in the southern parts, as far 

 north as Okanagan, Lake La Hache and Cariboo Road (Kermode, 1904; Cooke, 1906; A. Brooks, in 

 verbis). 



On our Pacific Coast the Red-head nests commonly in Washington east of the Cascades, near 

 Spokane (Johnson, 1906) and especially at Moses Lake (W. L. Dawson and Bowles, 1909), in central 

 and southern Oregon (Walker, 1917) about Lakes Klamath and Tule (H. C. Bryant, Western 

 1914) and at Malheur Lake (Willett, 1919). In California nests have been found in United 

 suitable localities throughout the State, south even to Los Angeles and Ventura i>tates 

 Counties (Grinnell, Bryant and Storer, 1918). Eastward it is said by Cooke (1906) to breed 

 at Ruby Lake (Nevada), and Snyder (1900) has recorded its doing so at Hoodoo Lake, Idaho. (See 

 also U.S. Biological Survey records.) For Montana there is no actual breeding record and accord- 

 ing to the latest authority, A. A. Saunders (1921), there is only one reliable summer record, though 

 older writers have stated that the species breeds in the State, which is reasonable. To my knowl- 

 edge no one has yet recorded a nest from Wyoming, although in Utah it nests abundantly on the 

 Bear River marshes and at Rush Lake (Cooke, 1906; Wetmore, 1921), as well as in the Barr Lake 

 region of Colorado (Felger, 1909; L. J. Hersey and Rockwell, 1909), and commonly at Lake Bur- 

 ford, New Mexico (Wetmore, 1920). In the sand-hill region of western Nebraska there has been a 

 great increase of nesting Red-heads (Oberholser, 1920) and in many parts of South Dakota it is a 

 fairly common breeder (McChesney, 1879; Agersborg, 1885; Visher, 1913). The same is true of 

 North Dakota, which may be regarded as one of the chief breeding areas (Job, 1899; Bent, 1901-02; 

 Lincoln, (MS.); U. S. Biological Survey notes). In Minnesota the Red-head used formerly to nest 

 not rarely in the northern part (Cooke, 1906) and it is said still to do so in very small numbers 

 (Roberts, 1919). Whether or not it ever nests in Iowa is not certain (R. M. Anderson, 1907). Ac- 

 cording to Goss (1891) his brother discovered this species breeding at Horicon Lake, Wisconsin, 

 and Kumlien and Hollister (1903) state that a few still nest at Lake Kushkonong in the same State. 

 The easternmost breeding records are for St. Clair Flats, Michigan (Collins, 1880), where a few 

 may still breed (Barrows, 1912). Boardman's statement that he found it nesting near Calais, 

 Maine, is very questionable. 



Winter Range 



On the Pacific Coast the Red-head may be found in winter as far north as the coast of southern British 

 Columbia (Kermode, 1904) and in the interior as far as Okanagan (A. Brooks, 1920; Munro, 1923). 

 It is a rather rare bird on the coast of Washington, though it has been taken on Puget Sound (W. L. 

 Dawson and Bowles, 1909) and in Bellingham Bay (Edson, 1908), and on the Oregon coast at Scio and 

 near Portland (Woodcock, 1902). In California, on the other hand, the species is common during 

 winter (Grinnell, Bryant and Storer, 1918). 



Inland it is known to winter occasionally as far north as Utah and Nevada (Hoffman, 1881; Cooke, 

 1906). In Arizona it has been found at Tucson and on the San Pedro River (Scott, fide Swarth, 1914), 

 and it is said to winter in New Mexico also (Cooke, 1906). A few have been known to pass the 

 cold season in Colorado (Felger, 1909), Kansas (Cooke, 1906), Missouri (Widmann, 1907), Elinois 

 (Cooke, 1906), Michigan, — St. Clair Flats and Wayne County (Wood, 1910), — and even the 

 Canadian side of Lake Ontario, Toronto and Burlington (McHwraith, 1894; Fleming, 1906). Eaton 

 (1910) says that occasionally it may be found on the New York side of Lake Ontario in winter. 



On the Atlantic Coast Red-heads have, in very exceptional instances, been taken in winter as far 

 north as Boston, Massachusetts, and on the Rhode Island coast (G. M. Allen, 1909; et al.). On Long 

 Island Sound it is considerably more common (Eaton, 1910). It cannot, however, be termed an 

 abundant bird in New Jersey (W. Stone, 1909) and hardly in Delaware (Rhoads and Pennock, 1905). 

 But in Maryland it is common (Kirkwood, 1895), especially on Chesapeake Bay (Rives, 1890; et al.). 

 North Carolina is the center of its distribution on this coast in winter, and there it is very abundant 



