254 NYROCA MARILA 



Winter Range 



During the cold season the Scaup is found exclusively on the coasts or on the larger inland lakes. It 



is a hardy bird and will hold out anywhere so long as there is open water. In North America it win- 



■pr .. ters commonly as far north as the Aleutians (L. M. Turner, 188C), along the coast of 



America the Alaskan Peninsula, and at Sitka (U.S. Biological Survey), and it is abundant on 



the coasts of British Columbia and Vancouver (Kermode, 1904; Taverner, 1917), a few 

 Pacific 

 Coast occurring inland at Okanagan and Chilliwack (A. Brooks, 1917; also in J. and J. M. 



Macoun, 1909). Farther south it is still common on the coasts of Washington (W. L. 

 Hawaiian Dawson and Bowles, 1909), though it diminishes rapidly south of Puget Sound and in 



California is only tolerably common, occurring as a straggler as far south as San Diego 

 (Grinnell, Bryant and Storer, 1918). A few stray birds have been taken in the Hawaiian Islands 

 (R. C. L. Perkins, 1903). 



In the interior small numbers are occasionally seen in winter in Nevada (Hoffman, 1881), southern 

 Utah (Cooke, 1906), southern Colorado (Drew, fide W. L. Sclater, 1912; Bergtold, 1924), Arizona 



(Scott, 1886) and southern New Mexico (Cooke, 1906). Others are at times found in 



the Mississippi Valley north to southern Illinois (Ridgway, 1895), and about the Great 

 Lakes, — Wayne County, Michigan (Wood, 1910), — particularly on Lake Ontario (Fleming, 1906) 

 and on the lakes of central New York (Eaton, 1910; and others). 



Its center of abundance in winter in North America is, however, the Atlantic Coast from Massa- 

 chusetts to North Carolina. Here it is occasionally met with as far north as New Brunswick (Cham- 

 berlain, 1882) and seems to winter regularly in Nova Scotia, sometimes in goodly num- 

 p . bers (H. Lloyd, 1923). A few stay along the coast of Maine but it becomes abundant 



in Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut (G. M. Allen, 1909; el al.). In New 

 Jersey (W. Stone, 1909) and Delaware (Rhoads and Pennock, 1905) it is abundant, while in Mary- 

 land (Kirkwood, 1895), Virginia (Rives, 1890) and North Carolina (T. G. Pearson, C. S. and H. H. 

 Brimley, 1919) it winters in large numbers, especially in the larger salt-water sounds. In South 

 Carolina (Wayne, 1910) and Georgia it is found in greatly diminished numbers, and in Florida it is an 

 uncommon bird, occurring on the Atlantic side as far south as Pelican Island (U.S. Biological Survey) 

 and on the Gulf side to Sanibel Island and Tampa Bay (Bangs, verb.; Pangburn, 1919). In western 



Florida it is reported common in Leon County (R. W. Williams, 1904). Specimens 

 Coast have also been taken at Greensboro, Alabama (U.S. Biological Survey) and it has been 



even ranked as "fairly common" at Biloxi, Mississippi (Corrington, 1922). In the 

 delta of the Mississippi it is said to be rather common (MeBhenny, 1897). 



This species is so often confused with the Lesser Scaup that it is well nigh impossible to determine 

 what the southernmost limits really are. It is rare on the north Gulf Coast of Texas (Strecker, 1912), 

 T but has been taken at San Antonio (Attwater, 1892), Corpus Christi (U.S. Biological 



Survey) and even at Fort Brown (J. C. Merrill, 1878) near San Angelo and at Padre 

 Isle (U.S. Biological Survey). McCauley (1877) even said it was common in the interior at the source 

 M . of the Red River. G. N. Lawrence's (1874) statement that it occurs at Mazatlan, 



Mexico, and the record of its occurrence in Guatemala (Salvin and Godman, 1897- 



1904) are probably due to confusion of this species with its smaller relative. 



P , It is equally difficult to say which of the records for the West Indies are correct. The 



species has on occasion been taken in the Bermudas (J. M. Jones, 1859; von Martens, 

 West 

 Indies 1859) and in the Bahamas on Watling's Island and on Rum Cay (Riley, 1905; Todd and 



Worthington, 1911). Then there are further, in my opinion questionable, records for 

 Bahamas Cuba (d ' 0rbign y ) 1839)> Santo Domingo ( A . E. and A. H. Verrill, 1909), Guadeloupe 

 and Martinique (G. N. Lawrence, 1879; Ballet, 1895). 



Europe Curiously enough, the Scaup does not seem to winter in Iceland (Hantzsch, 1905), 



Faroes though it does so on the Faroes (H. C. Miiller, 1869), and on all the coasts of the British 



