GOLDEN-EYE 303 



In Scandinavia the Golden-eye nests throughout Norway, though less commonly south of 

 Dovrefjeld (Palmen, 1876; Schaanning, 1913; Millais, 1913), and in Sweden rarely Scandi- 

 south to Wermland and Smaland and commonly north of about 62° north latitude navia 

 (Wallengren, 1S54; Nilsson, 1858). It is an abundant nester in central and northern Finland, extend- 

 ing northward as far as the wooded areas, that is, practically to the Arctic coast (von Nordmann, 

 1S64; Palmen, 1876; S. A. Davies, 1905 ; Suomalainen, 1908; Finnila, 1913, 1914; Montell, 1917; etc.). 

 It is not known to have ever nested in Denmark, though it does so in Holstein (Nau- _, 

 mann, 1896-1905), Mecklenburg (Wustnei, 1902), Pomerania (Plathe, 1904), Branden- 

 burg (Jager, 1910; Schalow, 1915), East Prussia (Naumann, 1896-1905), Lusatia (Hantzsch, 1903), 

 Silesia (Floricke, 1S91) and Saxony (Mayhoff , fide Hartert, 1920a). It is said to have bred also in 

 Cantons Glarus and St. Gall, Switzerland (Fatio and Studer, fide Millais, 1913). 



A few Golden-eyes breed as far south as the mountains of Montenegro (Reiser and von Fiihrer, 

 1896) and in the Dobrudja (von Dombrowski, 1904). The species has not been found Balkans 

 nesting in Poland, though it does so rarely in Latvia and Esthonia (Loudon, 1909). 

 In Russia it nests abundantly in the north. Rae (1881) met with it on the Tuloma 

 River, Kola Peninsula, Witherby (1900) found it common between Kola and Kandalax, and H. J. 

 Pearson (1904) states that it nests in Russian Lapland. About Archangel it is a common breeder 

 (Goebel, 1873a; Seebohm, 1882a) and about the lower Petchora it was also frequently seen (Seebohm, 

 1880). Farther south it nests commonly in Olonetz (Bianchi, 1914) and about Lakes Ladoga and 

 Onega (Sievers, 1877) as well as in Novgorod (Bianchi, 1910). In Petrograd Government it is much 

 less abundant (Bianchi, 1907) and in central Russia the breeding range does not extend south of Mos- 

 cow and Tula (Menzbier, 1881). To the eastward the species nests in Jaroslav and Kostroma (Saba- 

 naeS, fide Dresser, 1871-81), throughout Perm (Harvie-Brown, 1878), rarely in Ufa (T. Pleske, 1878) 

 and Kasan (Russki, 1893) and occasionally as far south as Astrakhan (Moeschler, 1853; Seebohm, 

 1882). 



Suschkin (1914) states that the Golden-eye nests in the Ilezk region of the Kirgiz. Smallbones 

 (1906) saw specimens late in the season on the Hi, and others have been taken as late as May in 

 Pamir (Schalow, 1908). Farther north it is a common nesting bird about the Marka- Western 

 kul, Tomsk and Tobolsk (Ushakov, 1913; P. and J. Zalesski, 1915; Poliakov, 1916). Asia 

 Suschkin (1913) states that it breeds in the Russian Altai, about Minussinsk and throughout 

 the Jenesei Basin. Popham (1898), too, found it a very common breeder on the Jenesei. 

 Maak (1859) saw it commonly about Irkutsk and on the Shilka and Amur Rivers, East 

 and Radde (1863) also saw it at Irkutsk in the breeding season. About the June- Siberia 

 tion of the Wiljui and the Lena, Maak (1859) found it nesting commonly, and Hartert (1904) has 

 reported specimens taken in July near Miankiaria on the Lena. On the Suiffu and Ussuri Rivers it is 

 scarce (Dorries, 1888), but farther north A. T. von Middendorff (1853) found it quite common in the 

 Stanowoi Mountains and Riley (1918) has recorded a specimen taken on the Annui River as late as 

 October 4 ! The species presumably nests in Kamchatka, where it has been seen in June and August 

 (Barrett-Hamilton, 1900; Bianchi, 1909) and on the Commander Islands, where specimens have been 

 taken in April and May (Hartert, 1920). Some, evidently breeding, were also taken at Hagdusa, Sag- 

 halin, on May 11 (Hesse, 1915). 



Winter Range 



In North America the Golden-eye winters as far north as the Pribilovs (G. D. Hanna, 1916, 1920), 

 the Aleutians (Nelson, 1887; L. M. Turner, 1886) and commonly in southeastern Alaska 

 Alaska (Willett, 1921), Vancouver (Taverner, 1917) and British Columbia (Fannin, British 

 1891; Kermode, 1904). Columbia 



It occurs during the cold season in most of our States, but is more abundant on the coasts and in 

 the northern Great Lakes region. It is abundant in Washington (W. L. Dawson and Bowles, 1909; 



