GOLDEN-EYE 305 



In Portugal it is a very rare bird (Tait, 1896; de Seabra, 1910) and in Spain it can hardly be con- 

 sidered more common (Irby, 1875; Arevalo y Baca, 1887). There is one record of its Portugal 

 occurrence in the Azores (Hartert and Ogilvie-Grant, 1905) and in northwest Africa Spain 

 it is very uncommon. In Morocco it is rare, if it occurs at all (Hartert and Jourdain, Azores 

 1923). Buvry (1857) and Loche (1867) state that it occurs occasionally in Algeria, Northwest 

 and it has been recorded from Porta Farina and Biserta, Tunis (Talamon, 1904; Africa 

 Millet-Horsin, 1912). It is not a common bird in Sardinia (Salvadori, 1865; Brooke, 1873) nor in 

 Corsica (J. Whitehead, 1885; Jourdain, 1912), while on the southern coast of France Mediterra- 

 it occurs only during severe winters (Paris, 1907; l'Hermitte, 1916). In Malta it is a nean 

 very rare bird (C. A. Wright, 1864; Despott, 1917) and in Italy it is nowhere common Italy 

 excepting about Venice, though specimens have been taken in all Provinces (Giglioli, 1886; Arrigoni 

 degliOddi, 1904). 



In Switzerland, however, it is common (Fatio, 1904). The same is true of Czecho-Slovakia 

 (Fritsch, 1872; von Tschusi zu Schmidhoffen, 1911), Austria (Rudolph and A. von Central 

 Brehm, 1879; Mojsisovics von Mojsvar, 1897) and the Dalmatian coast (Kolom- Europe 

 batovic, 1903) as well as of Hungary (Schenk, 1906a), Montenegro (Reiser and Balkans 

 von Fuhrer, 1896), Greece (Lindermayer, 1860; Powys, 1860; Reiser, 1905), Bulgaria (Sintenis, 

 1877; Radakoff, 1879; AUeon, 1886) and Rumania (Danford and Harvie-Brown, 1875). Many also 

 winter in southern Russia, north as far as Charkow (von Nordmann, 1840; Radde, _ 

 1854; Czernay, 1852; Valkh, 1911). In the Caucasus it is a very common winter bird 

 (Seebohm, 1883; Radde, 1884). 



A. E. Brehm (1854) says he saw Golden-eyes on Lake Menzaleh, Egypt, but no ob- p 

 server since his time has mentioned its occurrence in that part of Africa. 



In Palestine the Golden-eye is rare (S. Merrill, 1903; Meinertzhagen, 1920) but it Asia 

 is said to be common on the coast of Asia Minor (Braun, 1908) and fairly so in Palestine 

 Mesopotamia (Meinertzhagen, 1914; C. B. Ticehurst, Buxton and Cheesman, 1922). Asia Mmor 



It winters in all suitable parts of Persia (Radde, 1886; Zarudny, 1911; Baker, 1919) and has been 

 seen in Transcaspia in February (Loudon, 1910). It no doubt remains throughout the p ers j a 

 cold season on many of the lakes of southern Siberia and central Asia, and all over Central 

 Turkestan excepting the desert southwest (Lansdell, 1885; Severtzoff, 1883). Menz- Asia 

 bier (Zarudny, 1885) records it from Kashgaria in December, and Smallbones (1906) Southern 

 found it pretty common on the Issyk-kul in winter, while Hesse (1913) records speci- 

 mens taken on Lake Telezker in the eastern Altai at this season. Both Maak (1859) and Radde (1863) 

 state that numbers remain on Lake Baikal during the winter. 



Farther south it is much rarer, as in Afghanistan (Hume and Marshall, 1879) and Baluchistan 

 (Baker, 1921 ; Meinertzhagen, 1920). It seems to occur regularly though rarely on the middle and up- 

 per reaches of the Indus and probably on other Punjab rivers (Baker, 1921). Elsewhere T ,. 

 in India it is only a straggler, specimens having been taken near Rurki, Gorakpur and 

 Lucknow. Farther east, on the middle Brahmaputra, that is, in Lakhimpur, it is a regular and not 

 uncommon visitor in winter (Baker, 1921). 



In western China specimens have been taken in winter at Yachow and Kiating, Szechwan (Thayer 

 and Bangs, 1912; E. H. Wilson, 1913). Swinhoe (von Heuglin, 1874a) has reported it from as far 

 south as Amoy and La Touche (1892, 1900) from Foochow and northwestern Fukien. nu' n ~ 

 R. Swinhoe (1873) and Styan (1891) met with it at Ningpo and Shanghai, and La 

 Touche at Chin-kiang. Kleinschmidt (1913) includes it in his list of the birds of Ejau-chow. About 

 Peking and in northeastern Chili it is more common (David and Oustalet, 1877; La Touche, 1921). 

 C. W. Campbell (1892) and A. H. Clark (1910) found the species in Korea in winter. 



The Golden-eye is included by R. Swinhoe (1863) in his list of Formosan birds. It has not, I think, 

 been taken on the Loo-choo Islands, but it winters throughout Japan including Yezo and the Kuriles 



