352 CLANGULA HYEMALIS 



far south as Upernavik. I doubt whether many nest in southwestern Greenland. On the east coast 

 it has been found at Angmagsalik, where it breeds (Helms, 1904) and at Scoresby Sound, Clavering 

 Island and Cape Borlase Warren (Winge, fide Schalow, 1905). Kolthoff (1903) has recorded speci- 

 mens from Aulaitsivik Fjord, MacKenzie Bay, and Myskox Fjord, and Manniche (1910) speaks of it 

 as very abundant in northeastern Greenland as far north as 80° 23'. 



Next to the Scaup, the Long-tailed Duck is perhaps the commonest nesting duck in Iceland, 

 _ . , where it is widely distributed and a well-known resident (Faber, 1822; Kriiper, 1857; 



H. J. and C. E. Pearson, 1895; Riemschneider, 1896; Slater, 1901; Hantzsch, 1905; 

 Millais, 1913; etc.). 



Some of these ducks are repeatedly seen in summer on the Faroes, Shetlands, and Orkneys, and the 

 species is said to have nested on the Faroes (H. C. Miiller, 1869). Of course, most of these individuals 

 Faroes are non-breeding birds, and the difficulty of identifying the eggs makes the question as 



Shetlands to whether it has actually nested, a complicated one. Eggs supposedly of this species 

 Orkneys have at least three times been taken on the Shetlands, but the most critical writers 



(A. H. Evans and Buckley, 1899; Millais, 1913) are not satisfied with the evidence. In 1911, Aplin 

 (1911, 1912) reported the species as breeding on Pomona, in the Orkneys. After a long discussion (see 

 British Birds, vol. 5, p. 203, 1911; vol. 6, pp. 128, 199, 263, 1912-13) the eggs and down were exam- 

 ined by one of the editors of British Birds, who was satisfied as to the correctness of the identifi- 

 cation (British Birds, vol. 7, p. 205, 1913). 



On the Continent the Long-tail nests in Norway as far south as Dovre-Fjeld, Valders and Trond- 

 hjem (Collett, 1873; Schaanning, 1913; Millais, 1913), but it is a common breeder only in the regions 

 Norwav north of Tromso (ibid.; also Hartwig, 1889; H. J. Pearson and Bidwell, 1894). In 



o , Sweden it nests only north of about 64° or 65° (Wallengren, 1854; Nilsson, 1858). The 



same is true of Finland, where it nests chiefly on the Arctic coast and in Lapland about 

 Enontekis, Enare, Utsjoki and Muonio (Palmen, 1876; S. A. Davies, 1905; Montell, 

 1917). About Sodankyla (68° north) it was rare (Finnila, 1913). A few are not uncommonly seen on 

 the coasts of the Finnish Gulf (Palmgren, 1913; etc.) but there is only one record of its nest having 

 been found there (Nordling, 1904). 



In Russia this species nests only in the northernmost parts, in Russian Lapland and on the Mur- 

 man coast (Witherby, 1900; H. J. and C. E. Pearson, 1904; Bianchi, 1902b) and especially on the 

 P . tundra from Archangel to the Petchora region (Goebel, 1873; Seebohm, 1882a, 1885). 



Von Brandt (1880) is undoubtedly wrong in saying that it breeds commonly on the 

 Gulf of Finland and on the Neva, and I am inclined to pass over the statements of Menzbier (1883) 

 that it breeds rarely in the Moscow Government, and of Sabanaeff (fide Dresser, 1871-81) that it 

 nests in Jaroslav. 



In the Arctic Ocean these ducks have been seen in small numbers on Jan Mayen, where pre- 

 sumably they nest (F. Fischer and von Pelzeln, 1886). Swenander (1900) took a mature egg from a 

 Arctic female shot on Bear Island, but the species is not common, although well distributed, 



Europe ' m th e Spitzbergen group especially on the western and northern coasts (Malmgren, 



1863; von Nordenskiold, 1882; Bianchi, 1902b; Schalow, 1905; Xoenig, 1908; Zedlitz, 1911) and has, 

 so far as I know, been found nesting only at Whale Point Harbor in East Spitzbergen (A. Walter, 

 1890; W. E. Clarke, 1899) and about Ice Fjord on the west side and Liefde Bay on the north (Jour- 

 dain, 1922). It has not yet been reported from Franz Joseph Land, but it is exceedingly abundant on 

 Nova Zembla and Waigats, especially in the southern parts (Sporer, 1867; von Heuglin, 1872; von 

 Nordenskiold, 1882; Molcanov, 1908; H. J. Pearson, 1896), and breeds in great numbers on Kolguev, 

 too (Trevor-Battye, 1895; et al.). 



Sabanaeff (Harvie-Brown, 1878) thinks the Long-tail probably nests on the east side of the Urals, 

 about Shadrinsk and Suschkin (1914) states that it is a very rare summer resident in the Bezk district 

 Western of the Kirgis. But even if it nests in these places, it must be regarded as sporadic or 

 Asia "extra-limital." In Asia, as in Europe and America, the nesting areas are confined to 



