354 CLANGULA HY EM A LIS 



Greenland In Greenland the Long-tail winters all along the southern coasts, wherever the sea 



Iceland is open (Holboll, 1846; Chamberlain, 1889; Vanhoffen, 1897; Helms, 1902), and in Ice- 



land it spends the cold season on the coasts (Hantzsch, 1905; et al.). 



On the Faroes (H. C. Miiller, 1869) and on the Shetlands (A. H. Evans and Buckley, 1899) it is 

 abundant, and the same is true of all the coasts of the British Isles and neighboring islands, though 

 Faroes ^e species is not very common in the southern parts (Dresser, 1871-81; H. Saunders, 



British Isles 1899; Ussher and Warren » 190 °; Millais, 1913; Witherby et al., 1919-22; et mult. al.). 

 „ On the Continent many winter on the southern coasts of Norway (Collett, fide Dresser, 



1871-81; Schaanning, 1913), rarely north as far as the Lofotens (Boie, 1869), and in 



great abundance on the southern coasts of Sweden and Gothland (Wallengrcn, 1854; 



Nilsson, 1858). It is common also on the southern coasts of Finland (Palmen, 1876), 

 and on the littoral of the Baltic States (Goebel, 1873; Dresser, 1871-81; Sawitzky, 1899; Loudon, 

 1909). It is rarely seen in winter in Poland (Taczanowski, 1888), but is extremely abundant on the 

 Baltic coasts of Germany (Naumann, 1896-1905; von Droste-Hiilshoff, 1874; Dresser, 1871-81) and 

 Denmark (Kjarbolling, 1850). In the interior of Germany it is, of course, rare, though specimens 

 have been taken on the Rhine (Le Roi, 1906-07, 1910), in the Palatinate (W. and T. Heussler, 1896), 

 in Saxony (Naumann, 1896-1905), Brandenburg (Schalow, 1915) and in Posen (Hammling, 1917). On 

 the North Sea coasts of Denmark and Germany it is less common than on the Baltic, but great 

 numbers are found therein severe winters (Naumann, 1896-1905; Lons, 1906; etc.). On the Dutch 

 Holland coasts it is usually rare (van Oort, 1908) and on the Belgian seaboard occurs only in 



Belgium severe winters (Dubois, 1886). Only very few occur on the Normandy coasts (Ternier 



France and Masse, 1907), but stragglers have been taken in the interior in Picardy (d'Aubus- 



son, 1911), Alsace (G. Schneider, 1887), Anjou (Rogeron, 1903) and in the departments of Seine- 

 Inferieure, Doubs, Herault, Nord, Manche, Calvados, Indre and Saone-et-Loire (Paris, 1907, 1911). 

 In southern France it is an extremely rare straggler, specimens having on occasion been taken in 

 the southwest and in Provence (J. H. Gurney, 1901; l'Hermitte, 1916). 



So far as I know this duck has never been taken in Portugal (although Koenig, 1890, says he saw 

 one off the coast) and very rarely in Spain: once at Zarauz, near San Sebastian (Aldaz y Amazabel, 

 Portugal 1918), in Gerona (Vayreda y Vila, 1883) and once on the Albufera of Valencia, Decem- 



^ . ber, 1921 (Pardo, 1922). Occasionally it strays to the Azores (Hartert and Ogilvie- 



Grant, 1905) and Madeira (Schmitz, 1909). It has, I believe, never been taken in 

 y Africa, in Corsica, Sardinia, Malta or Sicily. In Italy a few have been taken as far 



south as Bari, and others in Tuscany, Liguria, Lombardy and Emilia. In Venice immature birds are 

 not rare, as many as one hundred having been taken in 1887, while Count Ninni is said to have shot 

 Dalmatia thirteen in one day in 1896 (Giglioli, 1886; Arrigoni degli Oddi, 1904) ! It is a rare bird 

 Switzerland on the eastern coast of the Adriatic (Kolombatovic, 1903), but is not exceptional on 

 Czecho- the lakes of Switzerland (Fatio, 1904). Some are occasionally seen in Bohemia in severe 



Slovakia winters (Fritsch, 1872) and on the larger rivers of Austria (Althammer, 1857; Crown- 

 Austria prince Rudolph, 1879; von Mojsisovics, 1886; Mojsisovics von Mojsvar, 1897) and the 

 Hungary rivers and lakes of Hungary (Aquila, vol. 2, p. 48, 1895; von Chermelhaza, 1907). I 

 Balkans have been unable to find any records of its occurrence in the Balkans (except in the 

 Russia Dobrudja, according to Dombrowski) or on the Black Sea, though Valkh (1911) states 

 that a few occasionally winter in west Ekaterinoslav. 



On the Caspian, however, the Long-tail winters in some numbers, rarely in the north about Astra- 

 P . khan (Seebohm, 1882), but quite commonly on the south Caspian (Seebohm, 1883; 



Radde, 1886; Zarundy, 1911). In regard to its other wintering grounds in Asia we 

 know practically nothing. Presumably it is found on all the large lakes of central Asia and western 

 Siberia Siberia, as it is abundant on Lake Baikal (Radde, 1863). In China it has been seldom 



China recorded: once at Taku (von Heuglin, 1874a) and twice at Chinwangtao, northeastern 



Japan Chili, in early April (La Touche, 1921). Mr. Kuroda writes me that it is abundant in 



