266 TREES AND SHRUBS. 



Usually a shrub, often flowering when not more than 1 metre high, or sometimes a tree rarely 

 from 10 to 12 metres high, 1 with a tall trunk covered with smooth dark bark, large erect branched 

 forming an open head, and stout light orange-brown branchlets marked in their second year by the 

 conspicuous emarginate scars of fallen leaves showing the ends of three fibrovascular bundles. 

 Flowers from the end of March to the middle of April. Fruit ripens in July and August. 



Southern Virginia southward to northern Florida, and through the Gulf States to eastern Louis- 

 iana, and to southern Kentucky (near Bowling Green, Miss S. Price in Herb. Mo. Bot. Gard.). 



From the first published description of this plant there has been misunderstanding in regard to it. Plukenet, who 

 first described it, supposed that it was a native of Brazil, and Linnaeus, following Plukenet, credited it to Brazil I 

 well as to Carolina. 2 In Europe, where it appears to have been early cultivated, JEsculus Pavia has been the parent 

 of a number of hybrids, probably with JEsculus octandra Marshall, and these hybrids, to which the name &sculus 

 hybrida should be given, have not always been distinguished from the species itself, while in the United States ^scvlut 

 Pavia has usually been confounded with other red-flowering species, especially with JEsculus discolor* and its varieties, 

 which are now known to be common from Georgia to Texas and Arkansas, and to be the only red-flowered iEsculus in 

 the region west of the Mississippi River with the exception of hybrid JEsculus Bushii of southern Arkansas. Linnsus 

 had based his JEsculus Pavia on the descriptions and figures of some of the earlier authors. Of those, the figures of 

 Plukenet and Boerhaave represent JEsculus Pavia fairly well, although they say nothing of the presence or absence 

 of pubescence on the lower surface of the leaflets or of the color of the seeds. The figure in the Catalogue of the So- 

 ciety of Gardeners and that published by Trew were probably intended to represent JEsculus Pavia, although they 

 certainly leave room for doubt. 



In books published later than the appearance of the Species Plantarum of Linnaeus in 1753 the figure in Schmidt's 

 Oesterreichs allgemeine Baumzucht (i. t. 39), judging by the color of the seeds, is probably JEsculus discolor, var. 

 mollis ; the figure in Audubon's Birds of America (t. 78 and ed. 8°, ii. 1. 117) clearly represents that plant. The figures 

 in Guinipel, Otto & Hayne's Abbildung der fremden in Deutschland ausdauernden Holzarten (t. 21) represent a 

 plant with a much broader calyx than that of JEscxdus Pavia, probably a hybrid ; and the figures of Watson (Dendro- 

 logia Brittanica, ii. 120) and of Lindley (Botanical Register, xii. t. 993) also represent hybrids. 



The only figures which appear to represent JEsculus Pavia are the analytical drawings in Spach's Histoire des 

 Vegetaux (t. 18) which admirably show the structure of the flower, the colored plates in Loddiges's Botanical Cabinet 

 (xiii. t. 1257) and in the Botanical Register (xii. t. 1018), and the small engravings in Britton & Brown's Illustrated 

 Flora (f. 2385) and in Britton & Shafer's Trees of North America (f. 614). The figures of JEsculus Pavia in Gray's 

 Structural Botany (f. 773-780) probably represent this species, although the filaments are without the hairs character- 

 istic of them. The descriptions of Marshall (Arbust. Am. 5), Walter (Fl. Car. 128), Aiton (Hort. Kew. i. 494) and of 

 Michaux (Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 219) may apply to JEsculus Pavia or to JEsculus discolor or its varieties. 8 C. S. S. 



i This species was omitted from The Silva of North America because I did not know when the second volume was published 

 that it ever became arborescent. In the woods near River Junction, Florida, I have since st 

 least 8 metres tall and forming a trunk 1.5 decimetres in diameter, and near Mandeville i 

 Professor Cocks has shown me an old tree of this species nearly 15 metres tall with a trunk from 3 to 3.5 decimetres in uiameier. 



3 Saamouna Pisonis, s. Siliquifera Brasilianis Arbor digitatis foliis serratis, floribus Teucrii purpureis Plukenet, Aim. Bot. 326, 

 t. 56, f. 4 (1696). 



Pavia, Boerhaave, lnd. AU. PL Hort. Lugd. Bat. ii. 260, t. 2G0 (1727).— Cat. Soc. Gardeners, 53, t. 19. — Limueus, Hort. Cliff. 

 143. — Royen, Fl. Leyd. Prodr. 463- — Trew, PL Ehret, 3, t. xv. 



8 .(ESCULU8 DISCOLOR, Pursh. 



This plant, which was discovered by Lyon in Georgia " probably in the western country," was described as a shrub, not more 

 than four feet high, with "leaflets tomentose on the lower surface and flowers yellow, white and purple, variegated." Tins de- 

 scription has been the cause of much confusion. In 1818, four years after tin- publication of Pursh's Flora, Lindley figured "» 

 jEsculux discolor in The Botanical Register (t. 310). The figure shows a plant, with included and slightly exserted stamens and a 

 short broad calyx, evidently related to JEsculus octandra, and with yellow and red petals; the leaflets are described as covered 



to have been introduced by Lyon. In 1824 De Candolle referred the JSseuitti di lor of Purah and Lindley to his £scdus 



hybrida. This he first described in 1813 in his Catalogus plantarum Horti botanici Monspeliensis, 75, from specimens sent to him 

 by Bosc and taken from a plant cultivated in the gardens of the Trianon. At this time this plant appeared to De Candolle to 

 a hybrid between ^Esculus lutea (octandra) and jEscuIus Pavia. In 1838 Torrey & Gray, in the Flora of North America, v*^ 

 a variety discolor of ^Esculus Pavia, to which they doubtfully referred the plants of Pursh, Lindley and De Candolle, but m 

 second edition of his Manual published in 1857 Gray made for this plant the variety pnrpurnscens of Junius ffanu giving t e 

 range of his variety from western Virginia southward and westward. This disposition of JEsculus discolor has usually been 



