288 APPENDIX. 



presented by Mr. Fairclough, though referred by me to a 

 man in the middle period of life, has only some seven or 

 eight teeth, comparatively little worn, left in situ ; the 

 rest have been lost, and traces of two or three large alveo- 

 lar abscesses, and great absorption elsewhere of the alveo- 

 lar processes are very evident. Alveolar abscesses have 

 similarly left their traces in the skull presented by Dr. 

 Bleek, in which, however, the teeth have been very much 

 worn down, though only one or two have been lost during 

 life. The skull presented by Mr. Dunsterville had lost 

 all its teeth, save the two central incisors, during life, and 

 the alveolar processes have suffered a very large amount 

 of absorption in this senile skull. 



Of the entire series, as the figures giving the length 

 of the circumference and the cubic capacity show most 

 plainly, we can predicate smallness ; the average of the 

 latter measurement being but 1285 as against 1485 cub. 

 cent, obtained by Professor Flower for the cubage of seven 

 Caffres and Zulus, and, indeed, as against 1330 from his 

 measurement of his available Bushman crania. 



With this small capacity is combined, which is by no 

 means always the case in crania of races low in the scale 

 of human life, a short basi-cranial axis, with an average 

 length of no more than 93 millimetres. 



In none of these six skulls is the patency of the 

 frontal suture, which corresponds very usually to a wide 

 receptacle for the frontal lobes of the brain, observable. On 

 the other hand, the zygomata do not come into view, when 

 the skull is held out so as to present its norma verticalis 

 at arm's length to one eye of the observer, with the in- 

 variability which might have been expected. In two only 

 of these six skulls are both zygomata seen at the same 

 time when the skull is held in this position ; in three the 

 zygoma of the left side only is seen ; and in one neither 

 zygoma comes into view. But these skulls, as is often 

 the case in skulls of flesh-eating savage races, are of con- 

 siderable density, and a greater thickness of walls as well 

 as a greater development of the contents of a skull may 



