194 THE ZOOLOGIST. 



the more superficial strata of the sea, though almost perpetually 

 covered with a layer of ice, were found to abound with life, at 

 all seasons, and in the most northerly altitudes reached. But 

 Prof. Sars is of opinion that these pelagic animals are not strictly 

 confined to the more superficial strata of the sea, " but that they 

 also at times descend to considerable depths, perhaps even to 

 the strata immediately covering the bottom." Forms also 

 hitherto regarded as southern in distribution have been found in 

 the Polar Sea ; in the pelagic Copepoda, a Calanoid, of the genus 

 Hemicalanus, hitherto only recorded from the Mediterranean and 

 the tropical parts of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, being a 

 case in point. Thirty-six plates illustrate this contribution. 



Text-Book of Palaeontology. By Karl A. von Zittel. Translated 

 and edited by Charles R. Eastman, Ph.D. Macmillan & 

 Co., Limited. 



It is perhaps as difficult to imagine a science of zoology 

 divorced from the past in palaeontology, as a form of theology 

 without any reference to a future existence, or a history strictly 

 confined to modern events alone. Palaeontology is one of the 

 great witnesses to the truth of organic evolution, which we all 

 regard as the philosophy of natural history. 



This is not merely a translation, but rather an adaptation of 

 Zittel's ' Grundziige der Palaeontologie,' for though the chapters 

 on Protozoa and Coelenterata stand essentially as in the original, 

 " nearly all the remaining chapters have been remodelled, 

 enlarged, and brought as nearly as possible up to date by a 

 selected body of experts." The ' Grundziige ' itself was published 

 as recently as the spring of 1895, and, although radical depar- 

 tures have been made with the author's sanction, " one must by 

 no means presume he is thereby committed to all the innovations 

 which are set forth." No fewer than twelve collaborators have 

 assisted the editor, so that a " new and revised edition " is per- 

 haps necessary to be added to the term " translation." 



The present volume is devoted to what are usually considered 

 " the lower forms of life." Seven " Sub-Kingdoms " — to use the 

 term employed — are described, viz. : Protozoa, Coelenterata, 



