218 THE ZOOLOGIST. 



extend far east in Asia. Breeds as high north as lat. 67° in 

 Norway. Many migrate in the winter to southern countries 

 like the Song-Thrush. 



Erithacus rubecula,lArm. Redbreast; "Robin." — Common in 

 Switzerland and in Ireland. Much wilder in the former country. 



General distribution. — Resembles the former species in its 

 breeding distribution, but not extending eas.t of Russia. Many 

 migrate in winter as far south as Central Africa and Western Asia. 



Ruticilla phcenicurus, Linn. Redstart. — Common in most 

 parts of Switzerland, approaching close to human habitation. 

 Very rare in Ireland. Has been found breeding in counties of 

 Wicklow* and Tyrone.! Frequently taken at lighthouses when 

 migrating in spring and autumn. J 



General distribution. — In Europe from the North Cape to 

 the south of the Continent, migrating in winter to the northern 

 parts of Africa, Arabia, and Persia. The Asiatic form (R. meso- 

 leuca) differs from the European species in that it possesses a 

 white patch on the wing. 



R. titys, Scop. Black Redstart. — Abundant in many parts of 

 Switzerland, where it breeds. Rather rare, but regular winter 

 visitor to Ireland. 



General distribution. — Common in Germany and Southern 

 Europe, where it is resident. Its eastern range extends to Asia 

 Minor and Palestine; in winter to Nubia (Saunders). 



Saxicola rubetra, Linn. Whinchat. — Plentiful in many parts 

 of Switzerland, especially Chamonix, Davos Platz, Grindelwald, 

 and Lucerne. In Ireland it occurs as a summer visitor, but 

 rather scarce and local. According to Ussher§ it breeds in 

 Donegal, Antrim, Down, Armagh, Tyrone, Fermanagh, Longford, 

 Louth, Dublin, || Kilkenny, Mayo, Sligo, and Leitrim. 



General distribution.-— Breeds over the greater part of the 



* Benson on ' Irish Song Birds,' p. 53. 



f R. J. Ussher, "Report on Breeding Range of Birds in Ireland " (Proc. 

 Royal Irish Acad. 3rd series, vol. iii. No. 3). 



t ' List of Irish Birds,' by A. G. More, p. 10. 



§ " Report on Breeding Range of Birds in Ireland" (Proc. Royal Irish 

 Acad. 3rd series, vol. iii. No. 3). 



|| The authors have often observed this bird in Co. Dublin, and twice 

 have secured specimens in nesting and adult plumage. These are in Dr. 

 Patten's collection. 



