SOME BIRDS IN IRELAND AND SWITZERLAND. 227 



Crested Titmouse.* — Observed in many parts, especially 

 Grindelwald and Davos Platz. 



Tree Pipit. — Common in many parts. 



Summary. 



Mention has already been made in the introduction of this 

 article on the very brief reference to the general distribution of 

 each species. We must regard this theme as being dealt with in 

 a mere outlined manner; indeed, the names of the individual 

 countries in which the birds have been found have for the most 

 part been omitted, and groups of countries taken together form- 

 ing part of a continent have been designated as western, south- 

 western, northern, &c, so and so. Example : Persia, Arabia, 

 Asia Minor, and Palestine are referred to as South-western Asia; 

 again, Morocco, Algeria, and Canary Isles as North Africa. This 

 has been done for two purposes — firstly, to economise space ; and, 

 secondly, because much has already been written fully on the 

 geographical distribution of birds. Hence standard works as 

 Saunders's 'Manual' (1899), Yarrell's fourth edition of 'British 

 Birds,' and the late Seebohm's works have been freely con- 

 sulted on this subject, as time and opportunity do not permit 

 of personal observations on birds being made in every distant 

 land. 



With regard to the personal observations made in Switzer- 

 land, it may be added that, although only a limited number of 

 places were visited by the authors, nevertheless, as these were 

 mostly far apart, some important and definite districts were 

 explored. Indeed, a wide area of Switzerland was included in 

 the investigation. Thus Davos Platz and many neighbouring 

 districts may represent part of Eastern Switzerland ; Como and 

 Chamonix, Southern Switzerland ; the districts round about 

 Geneva as south-western ; Basle, north-western ; Schaffhausen. 

 northern ; while Lucerne, Berne, and Grindelwald may be con- 

 sidered as forming part of Central Switzerland. 



Concerning the observations made in Ireland, it should be 



* Often observed in company with the other common species of Titmice, 

 Goldcrests, and Tree Creepers, The same sociable nature of the Titmice 

 may be seen in Ireland. 



