528 THE ZOOLOGIST. 



with the honour. Generally they lay two eggs ; very seldom are three 

 found in one nest. Both male and female divide their time on the eggs for 

 a month. In the summer of 1899 they sat from the beginning of November 

 to the beginning of December. When the mother Penguin feeds the young 

 one, the latter puts the whole of its head into the beak of its parent, and 

 stuffs its beak right into the mother's throat, which by a shaking movement 

 brings the food up. It was curious to see when a gale suddenly surprised 

 the colony ; they all lay down with their beaks to the south-east, from 

 which direction came the strongest gales. They looked like soldiers 

 bivouacking on a battle-field. 



The following extract recently appeared in the ' Staudard,' creating 

 some sensation among the other daily papers, and showing the drift of public 

 interest in scientific theories as now recognized by journalism : — 



" At the recent Congress of German anthropologists at Halle, Professor 

 Klaatsch, of Heidelberg, read a paper on ■ The Significance of the Bicephalous 

 Muscle of the Upper Part of the Thigh,' iu the course of which he argued 

 that ' the hypothesis of the direct descent of man from Apes can no longer 

 be maintained.' He based his belief on the following grounds : Man 

 possesses a muscle on the upper part of the thigh, one strand of which pro- 

 ceeds from the pelvis, while the other, which is free and supplied with a 

 special nerve, proceeds from the upper part of the thigh, and is attached to 

 the fibula. After several years' investigation, Prof. Klaatsch came to the 

 conclusion that the so-called ' short strand ' is a rudimentary form of the 

 biceps muscle, which is much more frequently found in mammals than has 

 hitherto been assumed. Marsupials, Carnivora, many Rodents, and some 

 American Monkeys have been found by the Professor to possess a thick 

 ribbon-like muscle, supplied with the same nerve as the 'short strand.' 



11 A whole family of mammals appears to have possessed this muscle to 

 a very large extent, and it is only in man, anthropoid Apes, and American 

 prehensile-tailed Monkeys that it has been modified to the ' short strand 'of 

 the biceps muscle. It was originally supposed that the erect walking gait 

 of once climbing animals was connected with this muscle modification. 

 Many such climbing mammals, however, as well as all the Lemurs, &c, of 

 the Old World, have completely lost the muscle, so that its preservation in 

 the case of certain primates and man must be due to some other cause. This 

 cause is made apparent on an examination of the forms of man and the 

 higher primates, whose limbs more closely resemble the original mammalian 

 form than is the case with the majority of other animals. The supposition 

 therefore of a direct descent of man from the Ape is no longer tenable. The 

 now existing Apes are for the most part degenerate forms. The connection 

 of man and Apes is to be sought at the root of the common family tree." 





