550 THE ZOOLOGIST. 



REMAEKS ON THE PRECEDING PAPER. 

 By Edward B. Poulton, M.A., F.R.S. 



(Fellow of Jesus College, Oxford ; Hope Professor of Zoology in the University.) 



My friend Mr. Marshall has asked me to make any alterations or 

 corrections in his paper. I find, however, that I so entirely agree with 

 the whole of the argument that I have merely added a few confirma- 

 tory notes to certain passages in the paper, which are in each case 

 marked by a number. 



1 H. W. Bates, in his classical paper, also used the term mimicry 

 in the wider sense employed by W. L. Distant. The majority of 

 naturalists have since followed A. R. Wallace in keeping Protective 

 and Aggressive Resemblance distinct from Mimicry — a course which 

 appears to be convenient, inasmuch as the distinction in terms cor- 

 responds to a real distinction in the modes of defence. In the former, 

 an animal resembles an object which is of no interest to its enemy, 

 and in so doing becomes concealed ; in the latter, an animal resembles 

 an object which its enemy knows well and fears or dislikes, and in so 

 doing becomes conspicuous. Other superficial resemblances — such as 

 those produced by protective resemblances in common, warning colours 

 in common (Miillerian mimicry), and functions in common (analogical 

 or adaptive resemblances of Darwin) — are excluded from mimicry as 

 here defined. 



2 See the discussion on " Organic Selection," reported in ' Science,' 

 N.S. vol. vi. No. 146, Oct. 15, 1897, where this view was sustained. 



3 Probably most evolutionists would hesitate before committing 

 themselves to such a conclusion. Highly intelligent animals, such as 

 birds, crouch and hide when very young at every unusual sound. This 

 action is performed instinctively and unintelligently, and is apparently 

 an automatic response to stimulus. When the stimulus has been 

 repeated, and no danger is apparent, the young birds cease to crouch. 

 We are not justified in considering that their intelligence has done 

 more than enable them to inhibit an unnecessary response. There is 

 no reason to think that they have any understanding of the meaning 

 of the response itself. See Lloyd Morgan's 'Habit and Instinct' 

 (London, 1896). 



4 It should be remembered that the structure and colouring are 

 themselves made up of many complex factors, all of which must 

 co-operate if the mimetic or protective resemblance is to be effective. 

 See Linnean Soc. Journ., Zool., vol. xxvi. pp. 576-578. 



