145 



Manna. 



(See Part LXIII, p. 101, of my " Forest Flora of New South Wales," also Part 

 LV, p. 250, of the present work.) 



It has been found on the juvenile leaves of E. eximia, about half a mile beyond 

 Warrimoo Railway Station, Blue Mountains, (Dr. E. C. Chisholm and W. F. Blakely.) 



Kino. 



For a paper on the Western Australian Red Gum (Marri) Kino (E. calophylla), 

 giving a method of bleaching it and of rendering its tannin more available for economic 

 purposes, see Circ. No. 8, by H. Salt, Institute of Science and Industry, 1922. See 

 also E. calophylla and E. latifolia, under " Timbers," p. 161, below. 



Kino. 



In the report of the Forest Department of Western Australia for the year ended 

 30th June, 1924, Mr. S. L. Kessell, the Conservator, has a brief extract at p. 21 on 

 " Marri Kino Investigation," with acknowledgments to Mr. L. W. Phillips, of the Perth 

 Technical School. . 



He speaks of the natural reservoirs in E. calophylla. trees being of two distinct 

 types. One consists of perpendicular fissures radiating from the centre of the tree. 

 As much as 10 gallons of liquid kino have been obtained from one series of shakes, but 

 this yield is very exceptional. The kino drawn from such reservoirs is of inferior quality, 

 having low specific gravity. The other type of reservoir is in the form of a cavity 

 between wood and bark, and can generally be relied upon to give a satisfactory yield 

 of pure liquid kino. It also differs from the radial type in that it usually refills in 

 from two to four weeks after tapping, when a further supply of kino may be drawn 

 from it. The presence of these reservoirs may be detected usually by a slight swelling 

 of the trunk. 



The cause of these veins was at one time suggested to be due to bacterial infection 

 of undifferentiated tissue immediately below the cambial region. Experiments, 

 however, do not give any definite confirmation to this theory, and for the present it has 

 been superseded by a purely chemical hypothesis. Mr. W. E. Campion favours an 

 explanation based on carbon dioxide poisoning, due either to the exposure of the cambial 

 region to the air by the boring of insects or mechanical damage, or to an accumulation 

 of an excess of carbon dioxide by respiratory processes in microscopic cavities caused 

 by the rupture of delicate cells of the cambial region owing to wind strain. 



Size and Habit. 



(The numbers given are the consecutive numbers of the species.) 



26. E. acmenioides Schauer. Ranging from a small stunted tree of 20 feet to 

 a stately tree up to 100 feet. (Upper Clarence River, W. F. Blakely.) 



