35 



the inter-glacial cataract had left off, but as much farther 

 back as the cliff line had receded in the meantime — 

 some 200 or 300 feet (60 or 91 m.). This is the 

 equivalent of the interruption of the work of one great 

 cataract mentioned above. The reef is there mainly on 

 account of the weathering that occurred in the time that 

 elapsed between the cessation of the inter-glacial falls and 

 the arrival of the ice sheet which filled and buried the old 

 gorge. And both the inter-glacial and the later cataracts 

 involved in this history had about as large volumes as 

 the present falls. If the alternative of Grabau be 

 adopted nothing is left in the Niagara gorge which can 

 possibly stand as a correlative of the lake stage represented 

 by the Nipissing great lakes, and the absence of this 

 correlative would certainly be much harder to explain 

 than the characters and relations of the reef and the 

 Eddy basin. 



ITINERARY. 



Toronto to Niagara river. 



Niagara Falls is most easily reached from Toronto 

 by crossing Lake Ontario to the mouth of Niagara river 

 30 miles (48-3 km.) to the southeast and going up the river 

 seven miles (11-3 km.) to Queenston, where electric cars 

 are in waiting for passengers. The voyage lasts about 

 two hours and gives some idea of the smallest of the Great 

 Lakes, which is 180 miles (290 km.) long and from 30 

 to 50 miles (48 to 80 km.) wide. 



Toronto harbour is formed by a hook of sand and gravel 

 extending westward for two and a half miles (4.0 km.) from 

 the mouth of Don river, and then bending north toward 

 the main shore. The bar, which is called Toronto island, 

 is built of materials transported by the easterly storms 

 from Scarboro heights. Two artificial channels give egress 

 to the lake. 



From the stern of the steamer there is a view of Toronto 

 and also of Scarboro heights, ten miles (16 km.) east 

 of the harbour, including the highest point on the actual 

 shore of Lake Ontario, rising 355 feet (108 m.) above the 

 water as pale cliffs of clay. 



Before Scarboro heights fade from view the Niagara 

 escarpment may be seen from the bow of the ship. It is 

 35065— 3! 



