4 6 



ing study of the currents in the rapids above the falls. 

 The three cascades with Sister island and Goat island are 

 directly in front and the course followed by the deeper 

 currents as they approach the brink of the falls may easily 

 be followed. The stony shallows in the lower central part 

 of the rapids are clearly seen. From here one sees also 

 a distant side view of the American fall and may note 

 quite clearly the nearly straight line of the cliff of Goat 

 island, the American fall and the cliff beyond Prospect 

 point. The grand sweep of the bluff forming the embay- 

 ment between Table Rock house and Dufferin islands is 

 well seen from this point, and also the great depth of the 

 drift. About ioo yards (90 m.) north of Falls View 

 the crest of the Niagara Falls moraine comes out to the 

 edge of the bluff above the Michigan Central railway, 

 and is there abruptly cut off. One sees clearly that its 

 normal continuation would carry it far over the embay- 

 ment, probably over the edge of the rapids. From the top 

 of the moraine to the bottom of the river at the deepest 

 sounding below Horseshoe fall is nearly 500 feet (150 m.). 

 One may return on the car, or, taking a stairway to the 

 Michigan Central Falls View stopping place, may descend 

 the steep bluff by a rough path to the flats in the park 

 below and thence by a short walk to the parapet at the 

 edge of Horseshoe fall and to the Table Rock house. 



The Falls and the Gorge from the Canadian Side. 



Views from the Park bridge and the West Cliff — 



From the Park bridge one gets the best views of the Upper 

 Great gorge, giving a good impression of its dimensions. 

 In order to form a true conception of its depth, however, 

 it is necessary to remember that the average depth of 

 water along its axis of greatest depth is 150 to 160 feet 

 (46 to 50 m.), with a number of soundings showing 

 places 30 to 40 feet (9 to 12 m.) deeper. If the water 

 were taken away the beholder would be looking down into 

 a canyon 350 to 400 feet deep (106 to 120 m.). 



The well denned embayment in the cliff line, near 

 the entrance gate to Queen Victoria park, seen by following 

 the trolley line south along the Canadian side, is the curve 

 around the top of Carter cove. A little farther on the foam 

 pattern and swirling of the water shows the presence of a 

 large rock or reef close to the surface of the water. This 



