65 



when the Kirkfield outlet first opened and early Lake 

 Algonquin came to an end. Niagara river had a large 

 volume during the making of the first 2,000 feet (610 m.) 

 but it flowed over the escarpment at five different places, 

 the stream at Queenston being probably the largest branch. 

 So far as can be seen, however, this stream was only a 

 little larger than the overflow of Lake Erie alone which 

 made the next section to the south. 



Brock's monument stands on the edge of the Niagara 

 escarpment and commands a splendid view northward 

 over the Ontario lowland, the lower reaches of Niagara 

 river and Lake Ontario in the distance. On a clear day 

 the bluffs at Scarboro a few miles east of Toronto are 

 clearly visible, although nearly 40 miles (65 km.) away. 

 In the foreground at the foot of the escarpment lies the 

 village of Queenston and, on the east side, Lewiston. 

 The waves of Lake Iroquois washed against the base of the 

 escarpment south of Queenston and a shore cliff marks 

 the ancient beach for several miles westward. It is 

 seldom more than 25 feet (7 m.) high and is usually 

 cut in the drift. The escarpment itself is a much more 

 ancient feature. 



The Cataract Bar at Lewiston. — At Lewiston 

 will be seen the large gravel pits about 100 yards 

 (90 m.) north of the station. The gravels seen in these 

 pits are in several respects remarkable and are quite 

 different from the usual types found in beach ridges, 

 spits, deltas, or in kames or other glacio-fluvial deposits. 

 They are remarkably clean and the pebbles are mostly 

 well rounded though partly also subangular; and are set 

 in steeply inclined beds which dip to the south or south- 

 east in all parts of the excavation. Many of the layers 

 are remarkably coarse, containing numbers of pebbles 

 6 or 8 inches (15 or 20 cm.) in diameter with occasional 

 ones considerably larger. Some of the beds are composed 

 of finer material but no fine sand is seen in the steeply 

 inclined beds. Some of the coarser layers which have 

 large inter-spaces with no filling of finer material between 

 the pebbles were evidently set in place quickly by the 

 action of powerful currents. No crossbedding or inter- 

 ruption of the layers has been found any where in the 

 deposit, and as they were exposed a few years ago, the 

 steeply inclined layers were seen to descend in even, 

 parallel beds to a depth of 30 to 35 feet (9 to 11 m.). 

 35065—5 



