336 



Kilometres. harbour is the Woodley range, a cuesta developed 

 on the northeastward dipping DeCourcey sand- 

 stones. At Ladysmith are the copper smelter 

 of the Tyee Copper Company and the wharfs 

 and washer of the Canadian Collieries Company. 

 South of Ladysmith the railroad closely follows 

 the coast, . the coast lowland being but one 

 or two miles wide. To the east glimpses 

 are had of the drowned portion of the lowland. 

 To the west the Vancouver Island upland 

 steeply surmounts the lowland and almost 

 directly west of Chemainus, is Mt. Brenton 

 nearly 4,000 feet (1,200 m.) high. 

 21-3 m. Chemainus — Altitude 109 ft. (33 m.). South 



33-8 km. of Chemainus the lowland widens again to four 

 miles (6-4 km.), and is drained by the Chem- 

 ainus river. It is largely drift covered and 

 wooded, and only a few outcrops are seen. 

 25-7 m. Westholme — Altitude 29 ft. (9 m.). South 



41 -4 km. of Westholme the railroad enters a wide flat- 

 bottomed valley, the northern part of which 

 between Mt. Richards, 1,100 feet (340 m.) 

 high on the east and Mt. Sicker, 2,400 feet 

 (730 m.) on the west, is underlain by the 

 Nanaimo sediments. The Nanaimo sediments 

 almost surround the northern part of Mt. 

 Richards, having been deposited around it 

 while the mountain itself remained above sea- 

 level as an island or peninsula. Both Mt. 

 Richards and Mt. Sicker are composed of the 

 more or less mineralized schistose and intrusive 

 rocks of the Sicker series, a few outcrops of 

 which occur in the southern and narrowest 

 part of the valley. On Mt. Sicker occurred the 

 Tyee-Lenora lens of copper ore. The Lenora 

 railroad, extending from the mine to Crofton, 

 and now used as a lumber railroad, is crossed 

 a mile beyond Westholme, and at Tyee the 

 aerial tram of the Tyee Copper Company 

 comes down from Mt. Sicker. 

 28-1 m. Tyee — Altitude 129 ft. (39 m.). South of 



45-2 km. Tyee the railroad cuts through some deformed 

 black slaty shales. To the west on Mt. 

 Prevost, 2,643 feet (806 m.) high, these shales 



