92 



In southern Alberta the formations above the marine Cre- 

 taceous are divided in three subdivisions, the lowest of which 

 at least forms part of the Edmonton division of northern 

 Alberta. This is the brackish water portion of the forma- 

 tion, so called Laramie, and is generally placed at the top 

 of the Cretaceous. The upper limit, the top of the coal 

 horizon, may in time be considered Tertiary. The fossils 

 consist of Dinosaurian remains, with land plants, and the 

 following brackish water animal remains: Ostrea glabra, 

 Unio danae, Corbicula occidentalis , Panopce simulatrix and 

 P. curta. The thickness of the formation varies but attains 

 a maximum of 700 feet (213 m.) in central Alberta. 



TERTIARY. 



Paskapoo. — This series consists of fresh water deposits 

 generally of yellowish sandstones and bluish grey and 

 olive sandy shales. It embraces the upper part of the 

 Laramie of southern Alberta and Saskatchewan, with 

 a total thickness in western Alberta of 5,700 feet (1737m.). 

 The remains of plants are numerous in it and denote a 

 flora of a temperate climate. Fresh water fossils include: 

 Unio dance, Sphaerium formosum, Limncea tenuicostata, 

 Physa copei, Acroloxus radiatulus, Thaumastus UmncBi- 

 formis, Goniobasis tennicarinata, Campeloma productus, 

 Viviparus leai, Valvata filosa, and V. bicincta. 



Oligocene. — Isolated exposures of coarse grained 

 material, deposited on the Paskapoo representative of 

 the Tertiary in Saskatchewan, have been found to contain 

 a considerable number of Mammalian bones. These 

 beds are characterized by a great quantity of waterworn 

 pebbles derived from the quartzites of the Rocky mountains. 



ANNOTATED GUIDE. 



Miles and 

 Kilometres. 



o m. Winnipeg — Altitude 760 ft. (231 m.). The 



o km. capital of Manitoba, population 130,000. The 



character of the country passed through east 

 of this city shows a gradual change from the 

 hilly surface of the Pre-Cambrian shield to 

 an apparently level plain. This is the lake 

 bottom of a former lake of Glacial time called 



