269 



Kilometres passing which the valley again narrows quickly 

 to the constriction called "Black Canyon". 

 Here, as elsewhere throughout the length of 

 the gorge the line of the Canadian Northern 

 railway can be seen under construction on the 

 opposite side of the river. A number of bridges 

 slung on wire cables and used by the builders 

 of that line span the river in several places. 

 The remains of the old Alexandra Bridge, 

 where the historic Cariboo road crossed the 

 river, can still be seen two miles (3-2 km.) 

 above Spuzzum. The Indian village of Spuz- 

 zum, a mile below the station of the same name, 

 is built on a delta fan of Spuzzum creek. 



Saddle Rock — The valley widens again at 

 Saddle Rock where it passes over for at 

 short distance from the batholith into tilted 

 Carboniferous rocks. At Saddle Rock, and a 

 "Chaquama Canyon" 2 miles (3-2 km.) below, 

 where the stream is only 200 feet (60-9 m.) in 

 width for a distance of 1,000 feet (304-8 m.), 

 rock benches have been developed on the west 

 side of the valley as a result of post-Glacial 

 deepening. A number of shorter constrictions 

 follow in the next 4 miles (6-4 km.). One mile 

 and a half (2-4 km.) before reaching Yale the 

 valley seems closed altogether and no outlet 

 is visible. The stream, however, takes a sharp 

 bend to the west, and after flowing around 

 Lady Franklin Rock, it suddenly emerge into 

 a broader open valley and the gorge is left 

 behind. 



54 m. Yale — Alt. 215 feet (65-5 m.). Yale is one of 



86 • 9 km. the oldest places on the Fraser river, having 

 been established by the Hudson's Bay Company 

 as a trading post in 1856, and was a place of 

 considerable importance in the early days of 

 the gold excitement in Cariboo. From this 

 point down to Hope, the valley of the river lies 

 in a wide shear-zone in an acid granite, forming 

 a phase of the Coast Range batholith; in con- 

 sequence of this its width is greater than that 

 which obtains in the gorge. The white cliffs 



