commenced as soon as the ice sheet withdrew and to have 

 proceeded steadily and rapidly By this uplift ancient 

 wave built beaches and marine clays containing fossils 

 of characteristic Arctic shellfish, have been raised to 

 altitudes of from 50 to 600 feet (15 to 180 m.) above sea 

 level. Although differential, the movement was remark- 

 ably uniform, without any local buckling or dislocation 

 of the geoid surface. Even with this recently acquired 

 altitude, the coast stands lower to-day than it did at the 

 beginning of the Pleistocene; for the larger valleys, the 

 St. Lawrence, Restigouche, and Miramichi, are estuaries, 

 still deeply drowned beneath the sea. More recently 

 there have been minor changes of level along the coast. 

 On the St. Lawrence east of Quebec, through a distance 

 of 400 miles (640 km.), an elevation of 20 feet (6 m.) 

 has occurred, in which there is no sign of warping. This 

 uplift has laid bare a narrow marine shelf, overlooked 

 by an old sea cliff — the most remarkable record of wave 

 work in the province. Around the head of the Bay of 

 Fundy, on the other hand, tree stumps buried deeply 

 beneath the salt marsh deposits, indicate a recent subsi- 

 dence of the coast. No satisfactory correlation of these 

 data has yet been reached. At present although the coast 

 generally is being rapidly cut away by the sea, it seems 

 to be neither rising nor sinking. 



Upland of northwestern New Brunswick. — From the 

 head of Chaleur bay and the Gaspe peninsula south- 

 westward, a wide belt of upland country stretches across 

 the northwest corner of New Brunswick into Maine. 

 In structure it is a part of the great Appalachian upland 

 of northern New England. Its rocks are mainly calcareous 

 slates and limestones of Silurian age. During one of the 

 periods of long continued denudation, perhaps in the 

 Tertiary, this district and the adjoining territory in Quebec 

 was reduced to a lowland, while the district just east of 

 it, the Central Highland of New Brunswick, remained 

 standing because of its harder rock structure. The 

 plateau-like altitude of the upland as we see it to-day 

 was gained subsequently, when the peneplain, together 

 with the adjoining highland was raised several hundred 

 feet. Since then it has been very extensively dissected 

 by streams. The hilltops of this upland range from 800 

 to 1,000 feet (240 to 300 m.) above the sea. A few residual 

 mountains, as, for instance, Mars hill in Maine, five 



