139 



in the level of the coast are relatively great, and may be 

 measured by the barnacles, mussels, bryozoa, and other 

 marine forms attached to the rocks, as well as by the aban- 

 doned shorelines themselves. 



The uplifted shorelines include sea cliffs, caves, rock 

 benches, skerries, and new islands in the rock; and gravel 

 benches, sand dunes, deltas, and spits in the unconsolidated 

 shore accumulations. There are also present-day shore- 

 lines of till as a result of the uplift. The amounts of up- 

 lift are from i to 12 feet (1-3 to 3-6 m.) in outer Yakutat 

 bay, from 7 to 47 feet (2 to 14 m.) in Disenchantment bay, 

 and from 2 to 10 feet (-6 to 3 m.) in Russell fiord. From 

 the distribution of these uplifts seven fault lines have been 

 located. 



On the downthrown side of certain of these faults the 

 coast was depressed, and trees were killed by submergence. 

 The depression was from 5 to 7 feet (1-5 to 7-1 m.) especi- 

 ally in the extreme southern end of Russell fiord and on the 

 eastern side of outer Yakutat bay near Knight island and 

 Logan beach. 



The region furnishes clear evidence of older uplift and 

 depression in connection with earlier faulting. 



The 1899 earthquakes also resulted in the production 

 of sand vents and furrows, in destructive water waves, and 

 in minor faults within some of the larger fault blocks. 

 These minor faults are best seen on the rock hill near 

 Nunatak glacier where there are scores of fault scraps with 

 vertical hade, and throws from a few inches to eight feet 

 (2-4 m.), 26 parallel step faults having an aggregate throw 

 of 30! feet (9 -3m.). 



During the earthquake there was minor shattering of 

 glaciers, and vast numbers of rock avalanches and snow- 

 slides, the latter resulting in a series of brief spasmodic ad- 

 vances of certain of the glaciers, as described on a 

 later page. 



Present-day Glaciers. [78] 



On the western side of Yakutat bay is Malaspina 

 glacier, a vast ice plateau made by the union of the pied- 

 mont bulbs of several large glaciers and many smaller ones. 

 Most of its periphery is covered by ablation moraine, and 

 in places this moraine supports a forest of alder, cotton- 

 wood, spruce and hemlock. The eastermost tributary to 

 the Malaspina is Hayden glacier, which contributes little 



