339 



few in which the rhizomes or roots are preserved, but 

 apparently in every case where the trunks stand in shale 

 independently of a coaly seam, some traces of the roots may 

 be seen. Several of such have been observed, where in 

 each case the trunk was attached to roots (rhizomes) of 

 Stigmaria ficoides aspect. As the great majority of the 

 trees are sandstone or mudstone casts replacing the 

 interior, only the markings of the deeper cortical surfaces 

 are reproduced as surface markings on the casts. The 

 bark itself, however, is frequently preserved as a coaly 

 coating which may show imperfectly the internal cellular 

 structure. Dawson has carefully worked out the structures 

 of these trees and accompanying flora, and has stated that 

 the greater number of the erect stumps preserved at the 

 Joggins are Sigillarice which have also contributed very 

 largely to the formation of the coals. In fact all of these 

 Joggins coals show unequivocal evidence of Stigmaria in 

 their underclays, with the exception of a few thin shaly beds 

 which are filled with drifted leaves. Every underlcay or 

 soil bed, however, does not necessarily bear a coal seam 

 above it. 



Dawson has enumerated five species of Sigillarice from 

 the Joggins of which S. brownii Dawson, and 5. elegans 

 Brongniart are the two commonest. The roots of the 

 SigillaricE, or Stigmarice, are the most abundant fossils 

 in the sections but seemingly they are not readily deter- 

 mined specifically, and the greater number are included 

 under the species Stigmaria ficoidss. 



Associated with these standing forests of Sigillarice are 

 those of Catamites, but, whereas the former are embedded at 

 their base in the argillaceous shales, the Calamite brakes ter- 

 minate most commonly in the arenaceous beds. At the 

 Joggins seven species have been recognized, of which C. 

 suckovi Bron. and C cistii Bron. are the most prevalent. 



The remaining type of tree standing in an erect position 

 is preserved as pillars of coaly matter or of mineral charcoal, 

 occasionally calcified, which do not show external marking 

 but whose microscopic structure has determined them to be 

 coniferous (Dawson), and which therefore probably 

 represent remains of Cordaites. These are rarely seen 

 except in the upper portions of the Joggins formation and 

 in the following Shulie formation. 



Flora of the Joggins Section — The remaining flora of 

 the Joggins formation is a drifted one, and for a coal region 

 35063— 9|A 



