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The city of Moncton lies about 20 miles (30 km.) north 

 of the eastern end of Caledonia mountain, an upland area 

 largely underlain by pre-Carboniferous igneous and sedi- 

 mentary rocks that extend southwesterly along the Bay of 

 Fundy coast and mark the southern boundary of the 

 Carboniferous area. Over considerable portions of Cale- 

 donia mountain, the surface is comparatively level with a 

 general altitude of above 1,000 feet (300 m.). In the 

 vicinity of Moncton, the country is low and gently rolling, 

 and in only a few places rises higher than 200 to 300 feet 

 (60 m. to 90 m.) above the sea. The lowland area about 

 Moncton and the upland area of Caledonia mountain merge 

 into one another, though when the country is viewed from 

 a vantage point, there is every appearance of a sharp 

 boundary between the two areas. 



Moncton is situated near the southern margin of the 

 area of grey and red sandstones and shales of Millstone 

 Grit age which stretches westward and northward like a 

 great mantle over a large portion of New Brunswick. 

 The Millstone Grit beds extend southward past Moncton 

 over the area of gradually rising country which merges 

 into the upland of Caledonia mountain. Along the borders 

 of Caledonia mountain and stretching northward and east- 

 ward from it, are deep-set valleys and in and along these 

 valleys are exposed older Carboniferous measures out- 

 cropping from beneath the Millstone Grit beds which on 

 the north crown the ridges and higher spurs that project 

 finger-like towards Caledonia mountain. The underlying, 

 older Carboniferous strata include representatives of the 

 Carboniferous Limestone series, and of the Albert series 

 which have been correlated with the Horton series of Nova 

 Scotia, and are considered to be of very early Carboniferous 

 age. 



The Millstone Grit strata lie horizontally or with very 

 low angles of dip; in places the underlying Carboniferous 

 strata are as little disturbed, while in other places in the 

 same district they are faulted and tilted at high angles. 

 There is thus abundant evidence of a pronounced uncon- 

 formity between the Millstone Grit and the underlying 

 divisions of the Carboniferous, and there is also direct 

 evidence of the existence of unconformities between some of 

 the older divisions. 



The Millstone Grit beds and the underlying Carboniferous 

 formations extend southward around the eastern end of 



