36 Lieut, Irwin 9 s Memoir of Afghanistan. [No. 97- 



to admit of this, it is therefore necessary in watering from the 

 rivers or the canals which are drawn from them, to raise 

 the water by machinery. I have heard that on the bank of 

 the little river Turee, which runs near Jumboo, and afterwards 

 falls into the Chunab, there is a machine for raising water 

 out of it, which is turned by the current of the river itself. 

 But I believe no other instance is known, where instead of 

 the force of the water a living force is not employed ; this 

 species therefore approaches to the second kind, or that of 

 wells. In Mooltan and Sindh, the most common mode of 

 watering is by what are called jhulars, which are half wells 

 cut out of the edge of the channel within which the canal 

 runs. Jhulars are used by the Daoodzyes and Mihmudzyes, 

 and are not unknown on the banks of the Oxus, in the do- 

 minions of Bokhara ; but in the whole of Toorkistan, the only 

 mode of irrigation worth attention is the first species, or that 

 in which streams are turned upon the fields. 



168. Wells may be divided into three kinds ; the 1st is the 

 cutch well, which in Hindoostan they call Dhenkulee, or rather 

 that name is applied to the pole, which in this species is used. 2d, 

 The Persian wheel, called in Persian, Churkh-Chah ; and in Hin- 

 doostan, Ruhut or Hurt. 3rd The bucket well. The first species 

 is proper only when the depth to the water is very small. In 

 the Punjab it is sometimes used in irrigation. In Cabul and 

 Kushmeer it is employed only in wells whose water is drawn 

 for domestic purposes. The Persian wheel is proper for mo- 

 derate depths ; it brings up the water by means of pots, in 

 a manner already described by travellers in Egypt, in which 

 country it is very common. I believe it to be found in Me- 

 sopotamia, and in certain quarters of Persia, but in large spaces 

 of that kingdom it is utterly unknown, neither is it known in 

 Khoorasan, and it is barely known in Bactria and the west of 

 Toorkistan. It is this wheel which is worked in the jhulars of 

 that country. There was once a Persian wheel in Cabul, but 

 now there is none west of Jellalabad. In Peshawur, Chuch, 

 and Sindh, it is the chief kind used ; it even extends into See- 

 weestan, but in that country streams are partly used in irri- 

 gation, and for drinking they have another kind of well, to be 



